System, method, and apparatus for electronic patient care

ABSTRACT

A system for electronic patient care includes a gateway and a medical device. The gateway is configured to provide at least one of a routing functionality, a medical device software update, and a web service. The medical device is configured to operatively communicate with the gateway using the web service.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation application of U.S.Nonprovisional application for System, Method and Apparatus forElectronic Patient Care (Attorney Docket No. P67), Ser. No. 14/616,079,filed Feb. 6, 2015, now Publication No. US-2015-015364-A1, publishedJun. 4, 2015, which is a Divisional of U.S. Nonprovisional applicationfor System, Method, and Apparatus for Electronic Patient Care (AttorneyDocket No. J78), Ser. No. 13/723,242, filed Dec. 21, 2012, now U.S. Pat.No. 10,911,515, issued Feb. 2, 2021, which is a Non-Provisional, andclaimed priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/651,322, filed May 24, 2012 and entitled System,Method, and Apparatus for Electronic Patient Care (Attorney Docket No.J46), all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

Nonprovisional application for System, Method and Apparatus forElectronic Patient Care (Attorney Docket No. P67), Ser. No. 14/616,079,may also be related to one or more of the following patent applicationsfiled on Dec. 21, 2012 even date herewith, all of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties:

Nonprovisional application for System, Method, and Apparatus forClamping (Attorney Docket No. J47), Ser. No. 13/723,238;

Nonprovisional application for System, Method, and Apparatus forDispensing Oral Medications Attorney Docket No. J74), Ser. No.13/723,235;

PCT application for System, Method, and Apparatus for Dispensing OralMedications Attorney Docket No. J74WO), Serial No. PCT/US12/71131;

Nonprovisional application for System, Method, and Apparatus forEstimating Liquid Delivery (Attorney Docket No. J75), Ser. No.13/724,568;

Nonprovisional application for System, Method, and Apparatus forInfusing Fluid (Attorney Doceket No. J76), Ser. No. 13/725,790;

PCT application for System, Method, and Apparatus for Infusing Fluid(Attorney Docket No. J76WO), Serial No. PCT/US12/71490;

Nonprovisional application for System, Method, and Apparatus forElectronic Patient Care (Attorney Docket No. J77), Ser. No. 13/723,239;

Nonprovisional application for System, Method, and Apparatus forMonitoring, Regulating, or Controlling Fluid Flow (Attorney Docket No.J79), Ser. No. 13/723,244;

PCT application for System, Method, and Apparatus for Monitoring,Regulating, or Controlling Fluid Flow (Attorney Docket No. J79WO),Serial No. PCT/US12/71142;

Nonprovisional application for System, Method, and Apparatus forEstimating Liquid Delivery (Attorney Docket No. J81), Ser. No.13/723,251;

PCT application for System, Method, and Apparatus for Estimating LiquidDelivery (Attorney Docket No. J8 IWO), Serial No. PCT/US12/71112; and

Nonprovisional application for System, Method, and Apparatus forElectronic Patient Care (Attorney Docket No. J85), Ser. No. 13/723,253.

Nonprovisional application for System, Method and Apparatus forElectronic Patient Care (Attorney Docket No. P67), Ser. No. 14/616,079,may also be related to one or more of the following patent applications,all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties:

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/578,649, filed Dec. 21,2011 and entitled System, Method, and Apparatus for Infusing Fluid(Attorney Docket No. J02);

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/578,658, filed Dec. 21,2011 and entitled System, Method, and Apparatus for Estimating LiquidDelivery (Attorney Docket No. J04);

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/578,674, filed Dec. 21,2011 and entitled System, Method, and Apparatus for Dispensing OralMedications (Attorney Docket No. J05);

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/651,322, filed May 24,2012 and entitled System, Method, and Apparatus for Electronic PatientCare (Attorney Docket No. J46);

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/679,117, filed Aug. 3,2012 and entitled System, Method, and Apparatus for Monitoring,Regulating, or Controlling Fluid Flow (Attorney Docket No. J30);

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/333,574, filed Dec. 21, 2011 andentitled System, Method, and Apparatus for Electronic Patient Care, nowU.S. Publication No. US-2012-0185267-A1, published Jul. 19, 2012(Attorney Docket No. 197);

PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US11/66588, filed Dec. 21, 2011 andentitled System, Method, and Apparatus for Electronic Patient Care(Attorney Docket No. 197 Wo);

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/011,543, filed Jan. 21, 2011 andentitled Electronic Patient Monitoring System, now U.S. Publication No.US-2011-0313789-A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (Attorney Docket No. 152);and

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/297,544, filed Jan. 22,2010 and entitled Electronic Order Intermediation System for a MedicalFacility (Attorney Docket No. H53).

BACKGROUND Field of Disclosure

The present disclosure relates to patient care. More particularly, thepresent disclosure relates to a system, method, and apparatus forelectronic patient care.

Description of Related Art

Providing patient care in a hospital generally necessitates theinteraction of numerous professionals and caregivers (e.g., doctors,nurses, pharmacists, technicians, nurse practitioners, etc.) and anynumber of medical devices/systems needed for treatment of a givenpatient. Despite the existence of systems intended to facilitate thecare process, such as those incorporating electronic medical records(“EMR”) and computerized provider order entry (“CPOE”), the process ofproviding comprehensive care to patients including ordering anddelivering medical treatments, such as medications, is associated with anumber of non-trivial issues.

SUMMARY

In an exemplary embodiment involving the ordering and administration ofmedications, the electronic patient care system may comprise a firstdata-gathering module (e.g., a monitoring client) and a secondorder-input module (e.g., a fixed or portable monitoring client) havinga user interface for transmitting an order or receiving patient-relatedinformation. The first module may be configured to receive and storemeasured parameters pertaining to a patient's current condition (i.e.,patient-condition parameters), such as blood pressure, heart rate, heartrhythm, temperature, oxygenation, respiratory rate, or ventilation, forexample. The first module may also be configured to receive informationabout pre-existing parameters related to the patient from a firstdatabase (e.g., an EHR database containing information about thepatient), for example, including patient-condition parameters such asmedication allergies or sensitivities, other currently administeredmedications presently in the patient's tissue, age, weight, height,kidney, or liver function. The first module may also be configured toobtain medication information about the ordered medication and/orpre-existing medications from a second database (e.g., a druginformation database), such as known medication interactions, effects ofthe medication or pre-existing medications on blood pressure, pulse,heart rhythm, or respirations, for example. The first module can beconfigured to compare the patient's currently-measured,patient-condition parameters and received, pre-existing,patient-condition parameters with known normal ranges, and create atable of patient-condition parameters found to be outside the normalranges. The first module may then compare the table of patient-conditionparameters with a table of corresponding parameters obtained from thedrug information database. If a match is found to exist between thetable of patient-condition parameters and the table of correspondingparameters, the first module may then retrieve one or more pre-enteredand stored messages for transmission to the second (order input) module.These messages may include, for example, warnings to a user of thesecond module that are appropriate for the particular medicationordered, the patient's pre-existing medications, and the patient'scurrent and pre-existing medical condition. Optionally, furtherrepetitions of warnings may be avoided once a warning has been receivedby the second module, and the warning has been acknowledged by the userof the second module through an input signal from the user interface.

In other embodiments, the electronic patient-care system may provide theuser with editable default values derived from standard dosing andadministration guidelines obtained from the drug information database,and can alert the user to modifications that may be indicated based onthe patient's current and pre-existing medical condition, allergies,existing medications, or other patient-condition parameters. Theelectronic patient-care system preferably minimizes the amount of typedinput from a user.

In other embodiments, the first module or other modules of theelectronic patient-care system may also be used to identify orderedmedications to be delivered to the patient's bedside (through the useof, for example, bar codes and readers, or RFID tags and scanners), andverify that the appropriate medication and dosage are being prepared anddelivered to the patient. In an embodiment, the first module may alsointeract through a wired or wireless communications link with apatient-care device that administers treatment, such as an infusion pumpor pill dispenser. In the case of an infusion pump, the first module oranother connected module may provide the infusion pump withpatient-treatment parameters, such as infusion settings including aninfusion rate or infusion pressure, and receive from it variousoperating parameters, such for example, the presence of air in theinfusion line, the amount of solution remaining in an IV bag to which itis connected, or the pressure of fluid in the infusion line. If theoperating parameters are found to be abnormal, the first module may beconfigured to respond by signaling the infusion pump to halt infusion,respond by signaling a mechanical occlude to occlude the IV line, alterthe infusion rate, and/or alert a health care provider or others of theabnormality, either directly through an alarm incorporated in the firstmodule, or by transmission of an alarm to the second module. In afurther embodiment, the first module may also be configured tocommunicate with various patient-care devices used to monitor apatient's condition and determine patient-condition parameters, such as,for example, blood pressure monitors, ECG monitors, pulse oximetrymonitors, temperature monitors, and the like. The various parametersmonitored by be monitored and/or logged by a mobile device and/or withinan EMR. In some cases, the first module can be programmed to emit analert to the patient or other persons if the monitored patient-conditionparameters fall outside a predetermined range. In some embodiments, thefirst module can transmit a signal to a monitoring client to conduct anunscheduled measurement by the patient-care device to obtain anotherpatient-condition parameter. The first module may communicate withvarious health care providers at various locations, and in an embodimentmay be able to notify the patient to whom it is assigned of anabnormality, and recommend corrective action through, for example anaudible alert or recorded message.

In one embodiment, a system for preparing a microinfusion pump includesa monitoring client, a pharmacy computer, a compounding robot, amicroinfusion pump, and a data download device. The monitoring client isconfigured to communicate a prescription order via a user interface. Thepharmacy computer in is operative communication with the monitoringclient to receive the prescription order. The compounding robot isconfigured to prepare the prescription into at least one liquidcorresponding to the prescription order. The microinfusion pump isconfigured to receive the at least one liquid corresponding to theprescription order. The data download device is configured to downloadthe prescription order into a memory of the microinfusion pump.

In some embodiments, the compounding robot fills the microinfusion pumpwith the at least one liquid. The compounding robot may be in operativecommunication with the data download device, and the compounding robotmay instruct the data download device to download the prescription orderinto the memory of the microinfusion pump. The data download device mayreceive the prescription order from the compounding robot and/or thepharmacy computer. In some embodiments, the compounding robot receivesthe prescription order from the pharmacy computer.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includes a hub.The hub is configured to monitor a patient-care device. The hub includesan operating system (which may be embodied as a processor executingsoftware) and a sandbox component (which may be embodied as a processorexecuting software). The operating system component is configured toaccess at least one of a hardware resource of the hub and a softwareresource of the hub.

The sandbox component is configured to control the access to the atleast one of the hardware resource and the software resource. The hub isfurther configured to identify the patient-care device and execute anapplication to monitor the patient-care device. The hub may execute theapplication within the sandbox component such that the applicationaccesses the at least one of the hardware resource and the softwareresource through the sandbox component.

The hub may be further configured to control the patient-care device.The patient-care device may be one or more of an infusion pump, a pilldispenser, a microinfusion pump, an ECG monitor, a blood pressuremonitor, a pulse oximeter, a CO2 capometer, an intravenous bag, and/or adrip-flow meter.

The hub may be configured to receive an identification (e.g., a serialnumber, code (encrypted or unencrypted), or other identifying value)from the patient-care device and download the application from a serverassociated with the identification. The hub may also be configured toreceive an identification from the patient-care device and update theapplication from a server associated with the identification.

The hardware resource may be a disk drive, memory, a buzzer, amicrophone, a speaker and a camera. The software resource may be of avariable, a secure data object, a secure variable, a secured API, anAPI, and a software representation of a hardware component.

In yet another embodiment, a system for electronic patient care includesa hub. The hub is configured to monitor a patient-care device. Thesandbox may be configured to control access to at least one of ahardware resource and a software resource. The hub is further configuredto identify the patient-care device and execute an application tomonitor the patient-care device. The hub executes the application withinthe sandbox component such that the application accesses the at leastone of the hardware resource and the software resource through thesandbox component. The hub may be further configured to control thepatient-care device. The hub may be further configured to receive anidentification from the patient-care device and download the applicationfrom a server associated with the identification. The hub may be furtherconfigured to receive an identification from the patient-care device andupdate the application from a server associated with the identification.

The hardware resource may be a disk drive, memory, a buzzer, amicrophone, a speaker and a camera. The software resource may be of avariable, a secure data object, a secure variable, a secured API, anAPI, and a software representation of a hardware component.

In yet another embodiment, a system for electronic patient care includesa monitoring client. The monitoring client is configured to monitor apatient-care device. The monitoring client includes an operating systemcomponent configured to access at least one of a hardware resource ofthe monitoring client and a software resource of the monitoring client.The sandbox component is configured to control the access to the atleast one of a hardware resource and the software resource. Themonitoring client may be further configured to identify the patient-caredevice and execute an application to monitor the patient-care device.The monitoring client executes the application within the sandboxcomponent such that the application accesses the at least one of thehardware resource and the software resource through the sandboxcomponent. The monitoring client is further configured to control thepatient-care device.

The patient-care device may be an infusion pump, a pill dispenser, amicroinfusion pump, an ECG monitor, a blood pressure monitor, a pulseoximeter, and/or a CO2 capometer, an intravenous bag, and a drip-flowmeter.

The monitoring client may be further configured to receive anidentification from the patient-care device and download the applicationfrom a server associated with the identification. The monitoring clientmay be further configured to receive an identification from thepatient-care device and update the application from a server associatedwith the identification.

The hardware resource may be a disk drive, memory, a buzzer, amicrophone, a speaker and a camera. The software resource may be of avariable, a secure data object, a secure variable, a secured API, anAPI, and a software representation of a hardware component.

In yet another embodiment, a system for electronic patient care includesa monitoring client configured to monitor a patient-care device. Themonitoring client includes a sandbox component configured to controlaccess to at least one of a hardware resource and a software resource.The monitoring client may be is further configured to identify thepatient-care device and execute an application to monitor thepatient-care device. The monitoring client executes the applicationwithin the sandbox component such that the application accesses the atleast one of the hardware resource and the software resource through thesandbox component. The monitoring client may be further configured tocontrol the patient-care device.

The patient-care device may be an infusion pump, a pill dispenser, amicroinfusion pump, an ECG monitor, a blood pressure monitor, a pulseoximeter, and/or a CO2 capometer, an intravenous bag, and a drip-flowmeter.

The monitoring client may be further configured to receive anidentification from the patient-care device and download the applicationfrom a server associated with the identification. The monitoring clientmay be further configured to receive an identification from thepatient-care device and update the application from a server associatedwith the identification.

The hardware resource may be a disk drive, memory, a buzzer, amicrophone, a speaker and a camera. The software resource may be of avariable, a secure data object, a secure variable, a secured API, anAPI, and a software representation of a hardware component.

In another embodiment, a system for electronic patient care includes ahub configured to communicate with electronic medical records, and apatient-care device. The hub is configured to identify a patient and thepatient-care device (e.g., an infusion pump). The hub is also configuredto download at least one treatment parameter (e.g., an infusion drug,and/or an infusion rate or rate profile, etc.) from the electronicmedical records and program the patient-care device with the at leastone treatment parameter. The hub identifies the patient in accordancewith at least one of reading an RFID tag using an RFID interrogator, avoice using voice recognition software coupled using a microphone, aface using face-recognition software coupled to a camera, a biometricparameter of biometric read, an identification, a barcode read by abarcode reader. In one specific embodiment, the hub may download the atleast one treatment parameter using one or more of the identificationtechniques described herein.

In another embodiment, a system for electronic patient care includes amonitoring client configured to communicate with electronic medicalrecords, and a patient-care device. The monitoring client is configuredto identify a patient and the patient-care device (e.g., an infusionpump). The monitoring client is also configured to download at least onetreatment parameter (e.g., an infusion drug, and/or an infusion rate orrate profile, etc.) from the electronic medical records and program thepatient-care device with the at least one treatment parameter. Themonitoring client identifies the patient in accordance with at least oneof reading an RFID tag using an RFID interrogator, a voice using voicerecognition software coupled using a microphone, a face usingface-recognition software coupled to a camera, a biometric parameter ofbiometric read, an identification, a barcode read by a barcode reader.In one specific embodiment, the monitoring client may download the atleast one treatment parameter using one or more of the identificationtechniques described herein.

In yet another embodiment, a system for electronic patient carecomprises a monitoring client, a monitoring-client dock, a patient-caredevice, and a device dock. The monitoring client is configured tocommunicate at least one patient-care parameter. The monitoring-clientdock is configured to receive the monitoring client for docking themonitoring client thereto. The patient-care device is configured tocommunicate the at least one patient-care parameter. The device dock isconfigured to receive the patient-care device for docking thepatient-care device thereto.

In an embodiment, the monitoring-client dock and the device dock areconfigured to communicate one of wirelessly, and through a cableoperatively coupled to the monitoring-client dock and the device dock.

In another embodiment, the monitoring client is configured to wirelesslycommunicate the at least one patient-care parameter.

In another embodiment, the monitoring-client dock is configured towirelessly communicate with the monitoring client, and wherein themonitoring client operatively communicates with the patient-care deviceby communicating the at least one patient-care parameter wirelessly withthe monitoring-client dock, through the cable to the dock, and to thedocked patient-care device.

In another embodiment, the monitoring client operatively communicatesthe at least one patient-care parameter utilizing wirelesscommunications to the monitoring-client dock when the monitoring clientdetermines at least one of: communication through the cable isunavailable; and the monitoring client is undocked from themonitoring-client dock.

In another embodiment, the device dock is configured to wirelesslycommunicate with the monitoring client, and wherein the monitoringclient operatively communicates with the patient-care device bycommunicating the at least one patient-care parameter wirelessly withthe device dock to the docked patient-care device.

In another embodiment, the monitoring client operatively communicatesthe at least one patient-care parameter utilizing wirelesscommunications with the device dock when the monitoring clientdetermines at least one of: communication through the cable isunavailable; communication between the monitoring client and themonitoring-client dock is unavailable; and the monitoring client isundocked from the monitoring-client dock.

In another embodiment, the patient care device is configured towirelessly communicate with the monitoring client, and wherein themonitoring client wirelessly communicates the at least one patient-careparameter with the patient-care device.

In another embodiment, the monitoring client operatively communicatesthe at least one patient-care parameter wirelessly with the patient-caredevice when the monitoring client determines at least one of:communication through the cable is unavailable; communication betweenthe monitoring client and the monitoring-client dock is unavailable;communication between the device dock and the patient-care device isunavailable; the monitoring client is undocked from themonitoring-client dock.

In another embodiment, the monitoring-client dock and the dock areconfigured to communicate the at least one patient parameter wirelessly.The system may further comprise a cable operatively coupled to themonitoring-client dock and the device dock; and wherein themonitoring-client dock and the dock are configured to communicatewirelessly when at least one of the device dock, the monitoring-clientdock, and the monitoring client determines the cable is unavailable as acommunications link.

In another embodiment, the monitoring client is configured tocommunicate with the patient-care device via a plurality ofcommunication links, and wherein the monitoring client communicates viaan operative one of the plurality of communications links.

In another embodiment, the patient-care device is one of an infusionpump, a pill dispenser, a microinfusion pump, an ECG monitor, a bloodpressure monitor, a pulse oximeter, and a CO2 capometer, an intravenousbag, and a drip-flow meter.

In another embodiment, the patient-care parameter is at least one of aintravenous pump flow parameter, an ECG parameter, a blood pressureparameter, a pulse oximeter parameter, a CO2 capometer parameter, anintravenous bag parameter, and a drip-flow meter value. The patient-careparameter may be a patient-condition parameter and/or apatient-treatment parameter.

In another embodiment, the patient-care device is configured towirelessly communicate as a node of a mesh network.

In another embodiment, a cable operatively coupled to themonitoring-client dock and the device dock; wherein the monitoringclient is configured to communicate the at least one patient-careparameter with the patient-care device through the cable when thepatient-care device is docked to the device dock and the monitoringclient is docked to the monitoring-client dock.

In yet another embodiment, a system for electronic patient carecomprises a monitoring client, a patient-care device, and a device dock.The monitoring client is configured to communicate at least onepatient-care parameter. The patient-care device is configured tocommunicate the at least one patient-care parameter. The device dock isconfigured to receive the patient-care device for docking thepatient-care device thereto and to receive the monitoring client fordocking the monitoring client thereto.

In yet another embodiment, a system for electronic patient carecomprises: a patient-care device configured to communicate the at leastone patient-care parameter; a monitoring client configured tocommunicate at least one patient-care parameter; and a device dockconfigured to receive the patient-care device for docking thepatient-care device thereto. The device dock and the monitoring clientare integrated together.

In yet another embodiment, a system for electronic patient carecomprises: a stackable monitoring client configured to communicate atleast one patient-care parameter; and a stackable patient-care deviceconfigured to communicate the at least one patient-care parameter. Thestackable monitoring client and the stackable patient-care device maycommunicate the at least one patient-care parameter via a daisy-chainedcommunications link and/or using a backplane.

In yet another embodiment, a system for electronic patient carecomprises: a patient-care device configured to communicate the at leastone patient-care parameter; a hub client configured to communicate atleast one patient-care parameter; and a device dock configured toreceive the patient-care device for docking the patient-care devicethereto. The hub may plug into the device dock to establish acommunications link therebetween. The system may further comprise amonitoring client in operative communication with the hub to receive theat least one patient-care parameter. The patient-treatment parameter maybe operatively communicated to the hub and the hub communicates thepatient-treatment parameter to the patient care device.

In a specific embodiment, the hub may include a user interface, and thehub may require user verification prior to sending the patient-treatmentparameter to the patient-care device.

In a specific embodiment, the monitoring client may include a userinterface, and the monitoring client may require user verification priorto sending the patient-treatment parameter to the patient-care devicethrough the hub.

In a specific embodiment, the patient-care device may include a userinterface, and the patient-care device may require user verification ofthe patient-treatment parameter prior to treating a patient.

The hub may be configured to monitor a patient-care device. In aspecific embodiment, the hub may include a sandbox component configuredto control access to at least one of a hardware resource and a softwareresource.

The hub may be further configured to identify the patient-care deviceand execute an application to monitor the patient-care device. The hubmay execute the application within the sandbox component such that theapplication accesses the at least one of the hardware resource and thesoftware resource through the sandbox component.

In another embodiment, a system for electronic patient care comprises:at least one patient monitor adapted to monitor at least one patientparameter; a monitoring client in operative communication with the atleast one patient monitor to receive the at least one patient parametertherefrom; and a monitoring server in operative communication with themonitoring client for receiving the at least one patient parameter fromthe monitoring client.

In another embodiment, the system may further comprise a remotecommunicator in operative communication with the at least one patientmonitor to receive the at least one patient parameter.

The at least one patient monitor may includes at least one of anelectrocardiography monitor, a blood pressure monitor, a pulse oximetermonitor, and a CO2 capnomter. The monitoring client may be configured todownload patient information in accordance with a designated uniquepatient identifier. The unique patient identifier may be encoded in abar code disposed on a wrist band. The unique patient identifier may beencoded on an RFID tag coupled to a wrist band. (e.g., an RFIDinterrogator). The patient information includes a patient condition or apatient care parameter. The unique patient identifier may be operativelysent to the monitoring server to obtain electronic permission tocommunicate patient-specific data. A subset of the patient-specific datamay be stored within a memory of the monitoring client. The monitoringclient may be adapted to determine if a new order meets predeterminedcriteria based upon the subset of the patient-specific data storedwithin the memory.

In another embodiment, the system further comprises a portablemonitoring client adapted to submit the new order to the monitoringclient. At least one of the monitoring client and/or the remotecommunicator may be adapted to communicate the new order to themonitoring server, and wherein the monitoring server may be adapted todetermine if the new order meets another predetermined criteria.

In another embodiment, the new order may be an order for medication andthe monitoring server may be adapted to determine if the new order meetsthe another predetermined criteria by determining if the order formedication is contraindicated by a currently prescribed medication. Themonitoring server may communicate with a database to determine if thenew order meets the another predetermined criteria. The monitoringserver may be configured to send an alert to the monitoring client whenthe new order does not meet the another predetermined criteria.

In another embodiment, the system may comprise a remote communicationadapted for operative communication with at least one of the monitoringclient and the monitoring server.

In another embodiment, the monitoring client may be one of a desk-baseddevice, a portable device, a hand-held controller, a notebook PC, anetbook PC, a tablet PC, and a smart phone. The monitoring clientincludes a touch screen.

In another embodiment, the system may further include an infusion pump,and the monitoring client is in operative communication with theinfusion pump. The infusion pump may be attachable to the monitoringclient. The infusion pump may be detachable to the monitoring client.

In another embodiment, the system further comprises a dock configured todock the monitoring client to the infusion pump.

In another embodiment, the monitoring client is in operativecommunication with the infusion pump via a wireless link.

In another embodiment, the monitoring server is configured tocommunicate with a plurality of databases, and wherein at least one ofthe plurality of databases includes a data formatting or acommunications protocol different from another database of the pluralityof databases.

In another embodiment, the monitoring server is adapted to format datafrom the plurality of databases to download the data into the monitoringclient. Optionally, and in some specific embodiment, the monitoringclient may communicate the at least one patient parameter to themonitoring server. In a specific embodiment, the patient parameter maybe one or more of and/or comprise at least one of treatment progress ofan infusion pump, an electrocardiographic signal, a blood pressuresignal, a pulse oximeter signal, a CO2 capnometer signal, and/or atemperature signal.

In another embodiment, the monitoring server may be configured todownload operational instructions to an infusion pump via the monitoringclient.

The monitoring client may receive a user request to read the patientparameter and may interrogate the monitoring device to receive thepatient parameter.

In another embodiment, the system may further comprise a portablemonitoring client. The portable monitoring client may be in operativecommunication with the monitoring client for directly communicatingpatient information thereby bypassing the monitoring server. Theportable monitoring client may be configured to change at least oneparameter of an infusion pump and communicate the changed at least oneparameter to the monitoring server.

A change in a patient order submitted via the portable monitoring clientmay be transmitted to another portable monitoring client.

In another embodiment, the monitoring client is configured toperiodically upload information to the monitoring server for storage ina patient-specific database.

The system may further comprise another monitoring client adapted toreceive the information from the patient-specific database.

The information may include at least one of a patient order, a patientmedication, a progress note, monitoring data from the patient monitor,and treatment data from an attached device.

The monitoring server may be configured to interrogate an electronichealth records database to receive patient information therefrom. Themonitoring server may be further configured to populate the monitoringclient with a predefined set of information in accordance with thepatient information.

The predefined set of information may include at least one of a patientage, a height, a weight, a diagnosis, a current medication, a medicationcategory, a medication allergies, and a sensitivity.

In another embodiment, the remote portable monitoring client is adaptedto communicate with the monitoring client via the monitoring server. Theremote portable monitoring client may be one of a tablet PC, a netbook,and a PC. The remote portable monitoring client may include a touchscreen.

In another embodiment, a method for electronic patient care comprises:displaying a plurality of patients on a display; displaying at least onepatient parameter on the display associated with a patient of theplurality of patients; displaying at least one alert associated with thepatient on the display; and selecting the patient from the plurality ofpatients.

The method, in some specific embodiments, may further comprise sendingthe alert to a portable remote communicator device having the displayfrom a monitoring client.

In yet another embodiment, an electronic patient-care system comprises:a monitoring client configured to communicate at least one patient-careparameter; a patient-care device configured to communicate the at leastone patient-care parameter; and a communication interface configured tofacilitate communication between the monitoring client and the at leastone patient care device, by discovering the presence of the at least onepatient-care device and translating communication signals from thatdevice into a communication protocol associated with the monitoringclient.

In a specific embodiment, the communication interface is furtherconfigured to discover the presence of additional other patient-caredevices that are different from one another, and to translatecommunication signals from those devices into the communication protocolassociated with the monitoring client.

In another specific embodiment, the communication interface is furtherconfigured to provision power suitable for each of the devices. In yetanother specific embodiment, the system further comprises one or moredatabases accessible by the monitoring client that allow for at leastone of central storage of patient info and/or downloading informationthat can be used in treating of a patient associated with the monitoringclient.

In yet another specific embodiment, the communication interface isfurther configured to perform fault checking to at least one of assessdata integrity of communications with the patient-care device, assesswhether the monitoring the client is functioning properly, assesswhether the patient-care device is functioning properly, and/or assesswhether the communication interface is functioning properly.

In yet another embodiment, an electronic patient-care system comprises:a hub client configured to communicate at least one patient-careparameter; a patient-care device configured to communicate the at leastone patient-care parameter; and a communication interface configured tofacilitate communication between the hub and the at least one patientcare device, by discovering the presence of the at least onepatient-care device and translating communication signals from thatdevice into a communication protocol associated with the hub.

In a specific embodiment, the communication interface is furtherconfigured to discover the presence of additional other patient-caredevices that are different from one another, and to translatecommunication signals from those devices into the communication protocolassociated with the hub.

In another specific embodiment, the communication interface is furtherconfigured to provision power suitable for each of the devices. In yetanother specific embodiment, the system further comprises one or moredatabases accessible by the hub that allow for at least one of centralstorage of patient info and/or downloading information that can be usedin treating of a patient associated with the hub.

In yet another specific embodiment, the communication interface isfurther configured to perform fault checking to at least one of assessdata integrity of communications with the patient-care device, assesswhether the monitoring the client is functioning properly, assesswhether the patient-care device is functioning properly, and/or assesswhether the communication interface is functioning properly.

In yet another embodiment, an electronic patient-care system comprises:a dock configured to communicate at least one patient-care parameter; apatient-care device configured to communicate the at least onepatient-care parameter; and a communication interface configured tofacilitate communication between the dock and the at least one patientcare device, by discovering the presence of the at least onepatient-care device and translating communication signals from thatdevice into a communication protocol associated with the dock.

In a specific embodiment, the communication interface is furtherconfigured to discover the presence of additional other patient-caredevices that are different from one another, and to translatecommunication signals from those devices into the communication protocolassociated with the dock.

In another specific embodiment, the communication interface is furtherconfigured to provision power suitable for each of the devices. In yetanother specific embodiment, the system further comprises one or moredatabases accessible by the dock that allow for at least one of centralstorage of patient info and/or downloading information that can be usedin treating of a patient associated with the dock.

In yet another specific embodiment, the communication interface isfurther configured to perform fault checking to at least one of assessdata integrity of communications with the patient-care device, assesswhether the monitoring the client is functioning properly, assesswhether the patient-care device is functioning properly, and/or assesswhether the communication interface is functioning properly.

In an embodiment, a patient-care device comprises: a body; a racewaywithin the body configured to receive a pole; and two friction memberscoupled to the body and configured to frictionally lock the body to apole within the raceway.

In an embodiment, a hub comprises: a patient-care device interface; apower supply coupled to the patient-care device interface and configuredto supply power to a patient-care device; a processor; a transceivercoupled to the patient-care device interface configured to providecommunications between the processor and the patient-care device. Theprocessor may be configured, in some specific embodiments, to disablethe patient-care device when in an alarm state.

In an embodiment, a dock comprises: a patient-care device interface; apower supply coupled to the patient-care device interface and configuredto supply power to a patient-care device; a processor; a transceivercoupled to the patient-care device interface configured to providecommunications between the processor and the patient-care device. Theprocessor may be configured, in some specific embodiments, to disablethe patient-care device when in an alarm state.

In an embodiment, a communication module comprises: a patient-caredevice interface; a power supply coupled to the patient-care deviceinterface and configured to supply power to a patient-care device; aprocessor; a transceiver coupled to the patient-care device interfaceconfigured to provide communications for patient-care device and anotherdevice. The processor may be configured, in some specific embodiments,to disable the patient-care device when in an alarm state.

In another embodiment, a patient-care system comprises: a dock; aplurality of modular patient-care device configured to dock with thedock; and a retracting display of a monitoring client. The modularpatient-care devices may interface with the dock along a horizontalplane, in a staggered fashion, or via a connector.

In yet another embodiment, an electronic patient care system comprises:a first module configured to receive and store information pertaining toa patient, said information including data related to a first parameterof the patient measured by a device connected to the patient, and datarelated to a second parameter of the patient received from a firstdatabase containing information about the patient; and a second moduleconfigured to receive a medication order from a user via a userinterface associated with the second module, said second module beingfurther configured to transmit said treatment order to the first module,wherein said first module is further configured to: a) obtain medicationinformation about said medication or other drugs from a second database,the medication information including data providing limitations underwhich such medication is generally administered; b) determine whetherthe medication order must (in this specific embodiment) be confirmed bythe second module based on the medication information, the value of thefirst parameter and the value of the second parameter; and c) transmit apre-established message from the first module to the second module fordisplay on the user interface, said message confirming or warning aboutthe acceptability of said medication order.

The medication information may include drug interactions information,drug allergies information, blood pressure effects information, heartrate effects information, heart rhythm effects information, orrespiration effects information, and wherein the first parameter or thesecond parameter include data about the patient's currently administereddrugs, known drug allergies, current blood pressure, current pulse rate,current heart rhythm, current respiratory rate or current ventilation.

The pre-established message may include a warning about the potentialeffects of the ordered medication, said warning including measured dataabout the first parameter, received data about the second parameter, ormedication information obtained by the first module.

The first module may be configured to generate a signal that themedication order or a modified medication order is to be processed afterthe pre-established message has been transmitted and upon receipt of aconfirmation signal from the second module, the confirmation signalbeing triggered by an input signal from the user interface.

In another embodiment, a patient-care device comprises a firstcommunications link and a second communications link; and a dockincludes a first communications link and a second communications link.When the patient-care device is within a predetermined range with thedock, the patient-care device and the dock are paired using the firstcommunications link and remain in communication using the secondcommunications link after the pairing. The pairing that occurs using thefirst communications link may be to pair the patient-care device and thedock for the second communications link. The first communications linkmay be near-field communications and the second communications link maybe Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, WiFi, or other communications link.

In another embodiment, a patient-care device comprises a firstcommunications link and a second communications link; and a monitoringclient includes a first communications link and a second communicationslink. When the patient-care device is within a predetermined range withthe monitoring client, the patient-care device and the monitoring clientare paired using the first communications link and remain incommunication using the second communications link after the pairing.The pairing that occurs using the first communications link may be topair the patient-care device and the monitoring client for the secondcommunications link. The first communications link may be near-fieldcommunications and the second communications link may be Bluetooth,Bluetooth Low Energy, WiFi, or other communications link.

In some embodiments, a patient-care device comprises memory having auser interface template stored therein. The user interface template maybe communicated to a dock, a hub, and or a monitoring client fordisplaying on a user interface of the dock, the hub, and/or themonitoring client. The user interface template may be configured todisplay one or more patient-care parameters received from thepatient-care device (e.g., in real-time).

In yet another embodiment, an infusion pump includes an attachableelectronic component. The attachable electronics component includes atleast one processor, a power regulator, and a control system.

In an embodiment, a communication module includes at least oneprocessor, and one or more of a transceiver, a battery, and a powersupply to provide at least one of communications capability and power toa patient-care device.

In yet another embodiment, a wearable system monitor includes a watchdogcomponent and a transceiver. The wearable system monitor may include aprocessor coupled to the watchdog component and the transceiver toperform a watchdog function for at least one paired device. The paireddevice may be at least one of a dock, a hub, a monitoring client, and/ora patient-care device.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes one or more of: establish acommunications link between a patient-care device and a monitoringserver; communicate a patient-care parameter to the monitoring server;de-identify the patient-care parameter; and/or store the de-identifiedpatient-care parameter in the monitoring server.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes one or more of: establishcommunications links between a monitoring server and a plurality ofpatient-care devices associated with a plurality of patients;communicate a plurality of patient-care parameters from the plurality ofpatient-care device to the monitoring server; de-identify thepatient-care parameters; store the patient-care parameters in themonitoring server; treat a plurality of patients with a treatment; andanalyze a subset of the plurality of patient-care parameters associatedwith the plurality of patients to determine the efficacy of thetreatment.

In yet another embodiment, a patient-care device (e.g., an infusionpump) is hot-swappable in at least one of a dock, a hub, and/or amonitoring client connection.

In yet another embodiment, a method for having a hot-swappablepatient-care device, e.g., an infusion pump, includes one or more of:receiving one or more patient-care parameters associated with apatient-care device; storing the one or more patient-care parameters ina non-volatile memory of the patient-care device; loading the one ormore patient-care parameters into the working memory; and resumingoperation of the patient-care device. The method may include, in anadditional embodiment determining that operation of the patient-caredevice can resume.

In yet another embodiment, a method for having a hot-swappablepatient-care device, e.g., an infusion pump, includes one or more of:calculating one or more operating parameters associated with apatient-care device; storing the one or more operating parameters in anon-volatile memory of the patient-care device; loading the one or moreoperating parameters into the working memory; and resuming operation ofthe patient-care device. The method may include, in an additionalembodiment determining that operation of the patient-care device canresume.

In yet another embodiment, a method for pairing includes: positioning amonitoring client and/or a hub having a user interface within anoperational distance of a patient-care device (e.g., an infusion pump);displaying the identity of the patient-care device on the userinterface; selecting the patient-care device for pairing using the userinterface; pairing the patient-care device to the monitoring clientand/or the hub; and/or communicating patient-care parameters to themonitoring client and/or the hub. In yet another embodiment, andoptionally, the method may include operatively communicating additionalpatient-care parameters with another patient-care device through thepatient-care device, e.g., to the monitoring client and/or the hub.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes: docking a patient-caredevice into a dock; identifying the patient-care device; querying aserver for an application to control the patient-care device;downloading the application into a dock, a hub, and/or a monitoringclient; executing the application using the dock, the hub, and/or themonitoring client; and controlling the patient-care device using theapplication.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes: placing a patient-caredevice into in operative communication with a hub; the hub may identifythe patient-care device; the hub may query a server for an applicationto control the patient-care device; the hub may download the applicationinto a hub; the hub may execute the application; and the hub may controlthe patient-care device using the application.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes: placing a patient-caredevice into in operative communication with a dock; the dock mayidentify the patient-care device; the dock may query a server for anapplication to control the patient-care device; the dock may downloadthe application into a dock; the dock may execute the application; andthe dock may control the patient-care device using the application.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes: placing a patient-caredevice into in operative communication with a monitoring client; themonitoring client may identify the patient-care device; the monitoringclient may query a server for an application to control the patient-caredevice; the monitoring client may download the application into amonitoring client; the monitoring client may execute the application;and the monitoring client may control the patient-care device using theapplication.

In yet another embodiment, a method may include: submit a request on auser interface of a communications device; confirm the request; and sendthe request; receive the request with a check value; and confirm thatthe check value is in accordance with the request prior to sending.

In yet another embodiment, a hub includes a dock to receive apatient-care device, and at least one connector coupled to an openingdoor configured to receive another patient-care device.

In yet another embodiment, a hub is in operative communication with atleast one of electronic medical records, DERS, CPOE, and/or and theinternet to control and/or monitor a patient-care device.

In another embodiment, a hub is adapted to connect to a cradle tocontrol one or more patient-care devices coupled to the cradle.

In yet another embodiment, a battery pack includes a patient-care deviceinterface, a battery, and a regulated power supply configured to supplypower to a patient-care device using the battery. The battery may, insome embodiment, be recharged using a DC power source.

In an embodiment, a patient-care device includes a screen and anaccelerometer. The patient-care device is configured to display thescreen in an upright position as determined using the accelerometer.

In yet another embodiment, an electronic patient-care system includes: amonitoring client and a dock configured to couple to a pole. An adaptermay be coupled to the dock. The adapter may include at least oneelectronic coupler to place a patient-care device in operativecommunication with the monitoring client. The patient-care device mayslide into the adapter.

In yet another embodiment, an electronic patient-care system includes amonitoring client, a patient-care device, and a communication module.The patient-care device and/or the communication module arefault-tolerant of the monitoring client. For example, the monitoringclient cannot direct the patient-care device to perform an unsafeoperation.

For the purposes of the following embodiments, the base may be a medicaldevice, a dock, a cradle, a hub, a pill dispenser, a syringe pump, aninfusion pump, a microinfusion pump, a communications module, a ECGmonitor, a blood pressure monitor, a pulse oxymeter, a Co2 capnometer, acommunications relay, or the like.

In another embodiment, a method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions includes determining if a monitoringclient is connected to a base through a physical connection,establishing a communications link between the monitoring client and thebase through the physical connection, updating, if necessary, theinterface program on the monitoring client and the base through thefirst communications link, establishing a second communications linkbetween the monitoring client and the base using the firstcommunications link, and communicating data from the base to themonitoring client using the second communications link.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions occurs where the processor is locatedon a monitoring client.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions occurs where the processor is locatedon the base.

In another embodiment, the act of communicating data from the base tothe monitoring client using a second communications link includestransmitting the data, by the base, to a monitoring client using thesecond communications link.

In another embodiment, the act of communicating data from the base tothe monitoring client using a second communications link includesreceiving the data, by the monitoring client, using the secondcommunications link.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further includes displaying data on amonitoring client in accordance with the data communicated from thebase.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further includes initializingtreatment of a patient using a monitoring client.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions that further includes initializingtreatment of a patient using a monitoring client also further includestreating the patient using a base.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions that further includes initializingtreatment of a patient using a monitoring client also further includestreating the patient using a hemodialysis system as a base.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further involves the monitoring clientsending a start treatment signal to the base.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further involves removing the physicalconnection between a monitoring client and a base.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further involves removing the physicalconnection between a monitoring client and a base and further involvescontinuing to communicate between the monitoring client and the baseusing a second communications link.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further involves removing the physicalconnection between a monitoring client and a base and further involvescontinuing to communicate between the monitoring client and the baseusing a second communications link yet further comprises monitoring alink quality value of the second communications link.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further involves communicating databetween a monitoring client and the base as long as a link quality valueis above a predetermined threshold.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further involves entering a monitoringclient into a headless state when a link quality value falls below afirst predetermined threshold.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions further involves entering a monitoringclient into a headless state when a link quality value falls below afirst predetermined threshold where the monitoring client displays amessage on a user interface in response to the headless state.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions involving entering a monitoring clientinto a headless state when a link quality value falls below a firstpredetermined threshold where the message indicates to a user to movethe monitoring client closer to the base.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions involving entering a monitoring clientinto a headless state when a link quality value falls below a firstpredetermined threshold further involves periodically determining arespective link quality value to determine if the respective linkquality value is above the first predetermined threshold.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions involving entering a monitoring clientinto a headless state when a link quality value falls below a firstpredetermined threshold further involves leaving the headless state whenthe link quality value is above the first predetermined threshold.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions involving entering a monitoring clientinto a headless state when a link quality value falls below a firstpredetermined threshold further involves leaving the headless state whenthe link quality value is above a second predetermined threshold greaterthan the first predetermined threshold.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions involves the act of updating, ifnecessary, the interface program on the monitoring client through thefirst communications link which involves communicating a version numberof an interface program from the monitoring client to the base throughthe first communications link, determining if the interface program onthe monitoring client is the latest version, retrieving, by the base, anupdated version of the interface program from a server, and overwritingthe interface program with the updated version of the interface program.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions where the act of establishing thesecond communications link between the monitoring client and the baseusing the first communications link involves determining if the base ifpaired with another monitoring client, interrupting, if necessary, anypairing between the another monitoring client and the base, generating,using the base, a configuration file, communicating the configurationfile from the base to the monitoring client using the firstcommunications link, reading, by the monitoring client, theconfiguration file received from the base, and pairing the base to themonitoring client for wireless communications to establish the secondcommunications link between the monitoring client and the base inaccordance with the configuration file.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions involves entering the monitoringclient into a headless state when a link quality value falls below apredetermined threshold, suspending communications of the data betweenthe base and the monitoring client, and displaying on a graphical userinterface a message requesting a user to move the monitoring clientcloser to the base.

In another embodiment, the method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions involves entering the base into aheadless state when a link quality value falls below a predeterminedthreshold, suspending communication of the data between the base and themonitoring client, and indicating that the base has entered into theheadless state.

In another embodiment, a method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions configured for execution by aprocessor, involves communicating data between a monitoring client and abase as long as a link quality value is above a predetermined threshold,entering into a headless state if the link quality value falls below thepredetermined threshold, remaining in the headless state as long as thelink quality value remains below the predetermined threshold,determining if the link quality value returns above the predeterminedthreshold, and exiting the headless state if the link quality value hasreturned to above the predetermined threshold.

In another embodiment, a method implemented by an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions configured for execution by aprocessor involves communicating data between a monitoring client and abase as long as a link quality value is above a first predeterminedthreshold, entering into a headless state if the link quality valuefalls below the first predetermined threshold, remaining in the headlessstate as long as the link quality value remains below a secondpredetermined threshold, determining if the link quality value increasesabove the second predetermined threshold, and exiting the headless stateif the link quality value exceeds the second predetermined threshold.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a system for communicatingbetween a monitoring client and a base, the system comprising: a basehaving an communications component, wherein the communications componentis configured to: communicate data between the monitoring client and thebase as long as a link quality value is above a predetermined threshold;entering into a headless state if the link quality value falls below thepredetermined threshold; remaining in the headless state as long as thelink quality value remains below the predetermined threshold; determineif the link quality value returns above the predetermined threshold; andexiting the headless state if the link quality value has returned toabove the predetermined threshold.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a system for communicatingbetween a monitoring client and a base, the system comprising: a basehaving an communications component, wherein the communications componentis configured to: communicate data between the monitoring client and abase as long as a link quality value is above a first predeterminedthreshold; enter into a headless state if the link quality value fallsbelow the first predetermined threshold; remain in the headless state aslong as the link quality value remains below a second predeterminedthreshold; determine if the link quality value increases above thesecond predetermined threshold; and exit the headless state if the linkquality value exceeds the second predetermined threshold.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a system for communicatingbetween a monitoring client and a base, the system comprising: a basehaving an updating component, wherein the updating component isconfigured to: determine if the monitoring client is connected to a basethrough a physical connection; establish a first communications linkbetween the monitoring client and the base through the physicalconnection; update, if necessary, the interface program on themonitoring client and the base through the first communications link;establish a second communications link between the monitoring client andthe base using the first communications link; and communicate data fromthe base to the monitoring client using the second communications link.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base is one of a medicaldevice, a dock, a cradle, a hub, a pill dispenser, a syringe pump, aninfusion pump, a microinfusion pump, a communications module, an ECGmonitor, a blood pressure monitor, a pulse oxymeter, a Co2 capnometer,and a communications relay.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the updating component isexecuted within a sandbox. In some embodiments, the sandbox may be in atleast one of a hub, a dock, and a cradle.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a system for allowingelectronic patient care comprising: a monitoring client connected to abase through a physical connection, at least one of the monitoringclient and the base having a processor configured to at least one of:establish a first communications link between the monitoring client andthe base through the physical connection; update an interface program onthe monitoring client and the base through the first communicationslink; and establish a second communications link between the monitoringclient and the base, the second communications link using the firstcommunications link.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the processor is located onthe monitoring client. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, theprocessor is located on the base. In an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. The second communications link transmits the data from thebase to the monitoring client. In an embodiment of the presentdisclosure, the monitoring client receives the data using the secondcommunications link. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, themonitoring client is configured to display data communicated from thebase. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the monitoring clientis configured to initialize the treatment of a patient. In an embodimentof the present disclosure, the base is configured to treat the patient.In an embodiment of the present disclosure the base is a hemodialysissystem.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base is a patient-caredevice. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the patient-caredevice is selected from the group consisting of an infusion pump, a pilldispenser, a microinfusion pump, an ECG monitor, a blood pressuremonitor, a pulse oximeter, and a CO2 capometer, an intravenous bag, anda drip-flow meter.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the system furthercomprising the monitoring client configured to send a start treatmentsignal to the base. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, thecommunication link between the monitoring client and the base iswireless. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base isconfigured to monitor a link quality value of the second communicationslink. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the system isconfigured to communicate the data between the monitoring client and thebase as long as a link quality value is above a predetermined threshold.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the monitoring client isconfigured to enter into a headless state when a link quality valuefalls below a first predetermined threshold. In an embodiment of thepresent disclosure, the monitoring client is configured to display amessage on a user interface in response to the headless state. In anembodiment of the present disclosure, the message indicates to a user tomove the monitoring client closer to the base. In an embodiment of thepresent disclosure, the base is configured to periodically determine arespective link quality value to determine if the respective linkquality value is above the first predetermined threshold.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base is configured toleave the headless state when the link quality value is above the firstpredetermined threshold. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, thebase is configured to leave the headless state when the link qualityvalue is above a second predetermined threshold greater than the firstpredetermined threshold.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure wherein at least one of themonitoring client and the base is configured to at least one of updatethe interface program through the first communications link such that atleast one of: the monitoring client is configured to communicate theversion number of an interface program to the base through a firstcommunications link; the monitoring client is further configured todetermine if the interface program on the monitoring client is thelatest version; the base is configured to retrieve an updated version ofthe interface program from a server; and the base is further configuredto overwrite the interface program with the updated version of theinterface program.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the system is configured toestablish the second communications link between the monitoring clientand the base using the first communications link such that at least oneof: a processor is configured to determine if the base if paired withanother monitoring client; the processor is further configured tointerrupt, if necessary, any pairing between the another monitoringclient and the base; the base is configured to generate a configurationfile; the first communications link is configured to communicate theconfiguration file from the base to the monitoring client; themonitoring client is configured to read the configuration file receivedfrom the base; and the base is paired to the monitoring client forwireless communications, the base paired to the monitoring client forwireless communications to establish the second communications linkbetween the monitoring client and the base in accordance with theconfiguration file.

In another embodiment, a system for electronic patient care includes amedical sensor, a medical device, and a server. The medical sensor isconfigured to couple to a patient and measure a physiological parameterof the patient. The medical device is configured to operatively receivethe measured physiological parameter from the medical sensor. Themedical device is configured to communicate the measured physiologicalparameter. The server is in operative communication with the medicaldevice to receive the measured physiological parameter for storagetherein. The medical sensor may be configured to receive aninterrogation signal to at least partially power the medical sensor. Themedical device may include an interrogator circuit configured tointerrogate the medical sensor to receive the measured physiologicalparameter.

The medical sensor may include an accelerometer, and the measuredphysiological parameter may be a movement of the patient. The medicaldevice may be configured to alarm if the movement of the patient doesnot exceed a predetermined threshold of movement.

The system may include a second medical sensor configured to couple tothe patient and measure a second physiological parameter of the patient.

The medical device may be configured to determine a medical conditionexists when a first pattern is detected in the measured physiologicalparameter and a second pattern is detected in the second measuredphysiological parameter. The first and second patterns may be requiredto occur within a predetermined window of time to determine that themedical condition exists. The first and second patterns may be scaleindependent.

The system may further include comprising a gateway, and the medicaldevice may be configured to communicate with the server through thegateway. The medical device may communicate with the gateway using a webservice. The medical device may be a web client of the web service andthe gateway may be a web server of the web service.

The medical device may be configured to invoke at least one web methodusing the web services. The medical device may be configured tocommunicate with the gateway using at least one transaction-basedcommunication via the web service.

The medical device may be configured to communicate to the server acontinuous quality event corresponding to one or more of a DERSoverride, a hard limit override, a soft limit override, and an internalerror of the medical device.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includes agateway and a medical device. The gateway may be configured to provideat least one of a routing functionality, a medical device softwareupdate, and a web service. The medical device may be configured tooperatively communicate with the gateway using the web service. Thegateway may be a web server of the web service and the medical devicemay be a client of the web service. The web service may be atransaction-based web service. The web service may be atransaction-based web service. The medical device may be an infusionpump.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a medical deviceincludes a transceiver and one or more processors. The one or moreprocessors may be configured to interface with the transceiver tocommunicate via the transceiver. The one or more processors may beconfigured to communicate with a web service in operative communicationwith the transceiver. The medical device is configured to be a webclient of the web service. The web service may be a transaction-basedweb service. The medical device may be an infusion pump.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method ofcommunication between a medical device and a gateway includes the actsof: establishing communications between the medical device and thegateway; establishing a web service between the medical device and thegateway; and communicating between the medical device and the gatewayusing the web service. The gateway may be a web server of the webservice. The medical device may be a web client of the web service. Thegateway routes data for the medical device. The data may be communicatedbetween the medical device and the gateway using the web service.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system for electronicpatient care includes: (1) a first medical sensor configured to coupleto a patient and measure a first physiological parameter of the patient;(2) a second medical sensor configured to couple to the patient andmeasure a second physiological parameters of the patient; and (4) amedical device. The medical device is configured to operatively receivethe measured first and second physiological parameters from the firstand second medical sensors, and is also configured to: detect a firstpattern using the first measured physiological parameter; detect asecond pattern using the seconds measured physiological parameter; anddetermine a medical conditions exists when the first and second patternsare detected within a predetermined amount of time relative to eachother.

The medical device may be configured to detect the first and secondpatterns without regard to a scale of the first and second measuredphysiological parameters. The medical device may be configured to detectthe first and second patterns without regard to the starting values ofthe first and second measured physiological parameters. The firstpattern may be a trend. The medical device may be configured to detectthe first pattern without regard to a starting value of the firstmeasured physiological parameter. The second pattern may be a secondtrend.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system for electronicpatient care includes: a first medical sensor configured to couple to apatient and measure a first physiological parameter of the patient; asecond medical sensor configured to couple to the patient and measure asecond physiological parameters of the patient; a medical deviceconfigured to operatively receive the measured first and secondphysiological parameters from the first and second medical sensors, andcommunicate the first and second measured physiological parameters; anda server in operative communication with the medical device. The servermay be configured to: detect a first pattern using the first measuredphysiological parameter; detect a second pattern using the secondsmeasured physiological parameter; and determine a medical conditionexists when the first and second patterns are detected within apredetermined amount of time relative to each other.

The medical device may be configured to detect the first and secondpatterns without regard to a scale of the first and second measuredphysiological parameters. The medical device may be configured to detectthe first and second patterns without regard to the starting values ofthe first and second measured physiological parameters. The firstpattern may be a trend. The medical device may be configured to detectthe first pattern without regard to a starting value of the firstmeasured physiological parameter. The second pattern may be a secondtrend.

The server may be configured to detect the first and second patternswithout regard to a scale of the first and second measured physiologicalparameters. The server may be configured to detect the first and secondpatterns without regard to the starting values of the first and secondmeasured physiological parameters. The first pattern may be a trend. Theserver may be configured to detect the first pattern without regard to astarting value of the first measured physiological parameter. The secondpattern may be a second trend.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, an RFID tag includes anantenna, a rectifying circuit, a modulation circuit, a read memorylocation and a corresponding read bit, a write memory location and acorresponding write bit, a processor, and a measuring component. Theantenna is configured to receive an interrogation signal. The rectifyingcircuit is configured to rectify the interrogation signal to power theRFID tag. The modulation circuit is configured to modulate the antennato communicate using the interrogation signal. The processor isconfigured to receive power from the rectifying circuit. The processoris configured to perform a process associated with the read memorylocation when the corresponding read bit is set to true and is furtherconfigured to perform a process associated with the write memorylocation when the corresponding write bit is set to true. The measuringcomponent is in operative communication with the processor to measure atleast one physiological parameter.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includes aninterface and a field editor. The interface is an interface into a drugerror reduction system. The field editor is configured to edit a fieldof a drug entry of the drug error reduction system. The field editor isconfigured to prompt a user to enter in a new field if a predeterminedvalue is entered into the field.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a drug error reductionediting system includes an interface into a drug error reduction system,and a field editor configured to edit a field of a drug entry of thedrug error reduction system. The field editor prompts a user to enter ina new field if a predetermined value is entered into the field. Thepredetermined value of the field may be a predetermined care area.

In another embodiment, a system includes an interface into a drug errorreduction system, an interface into a continuous quality improvementsystem, and a field editor. The field editor is configured to edit afield of a drug entry of the drug error reduction system. The fieldeditor is configured to notify a user regarding informationcorresponding to the field using data within the continuous qualityimprovement system. The notification may be the percentage that a valueentered into the field is overridden by a caregiver. The notificationmay be a suggestion of a value to enter into the field that is mostlycommonly entered into the field as determined using the continuousquality improvement system.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includes aninterface, and a field editor. The interface is an interface into a drugerror reduction system. The field editor is configured to edit a fieldof a drug entry of the drug error reduction system such that the fieldeditor is configured to suggest to a standardized value to enter when auser attempts to enter a predetermined value into the field.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includes firstand second interfaces, and a field editor. The first interface isconfigured to interface into a drug error reduction system. The secondinterface is configured to interface into a continuous qualityimprovement system. The field editor is configured to edit a field of adrug entry of the drug error reduction system using the first interface.The field editor is also configured to provide a user with data from thecontinuous quality improvement system corresponding to the field usingthe second interface.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includes aninterface into a drug error reduction system; and a field editorconfigured to edit a field of a drug entry of the drug error reductionsystem using the interface such that the field is an end of infusioncourse of action.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includes aninterface into a drug error reduction system; and a field editorconfigured to edit a field of a drug entry of the drug error reductionsystem using the interface such that the field is an indication the drugshould be delivered despite an error in a medical device delivering thedrug.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includesan interface into a drug error reduction system; a field editorconfigured to edit a field of a drug entry of the drug error reductionsystem using the interface; and a medical device simulator configured tosimulate a medical device using the edited field of the drug entry ofthe drug error reduction system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other aspects will become more apparent from the followingdetailed description of the various embodiments of the presentdisclosure with reference to the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system havingtwo docks in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method for maintainingcommunications between the monitoring client and a patient-care deviceof FIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system havingtwo docks for wireless communications therebetween in accordance withanother embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method for maintainingcommunications between the monitoring client and a patient-care deviceof FIG. 3 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system having adock for docking together a monitoring client and patient-care devicesin accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method for maintainingcommunications between the monitoring client and a patient-care deviceof FIG. 5 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system having amonitoring client with an integrated dock for docking patient-caredevices thereto in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system having ahub in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system having astackable monitoring client and stackable patient-care devices inaccordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 is flow chart diagram of a method for communicating apatient-care parameter of a patient-care device to a monitoring serverin accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 is flow chart diagram of a method for aggregating patient-careparameters of multiple patients in a monitoring server in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart diagram of a method of recovery for apatient-care device when the operation of the patient-care device isinterrupted in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart diagram of a method for pairing a monitoringclient with a patient-care device in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart diagram of a method for monitoring operation ofa patient-care device using a wearable system monitor paired to thepatient-care device in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart diagram of a method for displaying a userinterface using an user-interface template in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 16 is a flow chart diagram of a method for downloading anapplication for controlling a patient-care device in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 17 is a flow chart diagram of a method of ensuring data integritywhen communicating data for a patient-care device in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system inaccordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of a dock of the electronic patient-caresystem of FIG. 19 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 21 shows an electronic patient-care system having a tablet dockedinto a dock having a cable electrically coupled to patient-care devicesin accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 22 shows an electronic patient-care system having a tablet dockedinto a dock for wirelessly communicating with patient-care devices inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 23 shows an electronic patient-care system having modular infusionpumps that dock into a dock having a monitoring client with aretractable user interface in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 24 shows a side-view of the electronic patient-care system of FIG.23 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 25 shows an electronic patient-care system having modular infusionpumps that dock into a dock having a monitoring client with aretractable user interface, the infusion pumps are arranged in astaggered fashion in accordance with another embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 26 shows an electronic patient-care system having modular infusionpumps that dock into a dock along a common horizontal plane and the dockincludes a monitoring client with a retractable user interface inaccordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 27 shows a side-view of the electronic patient-care system of FIG.26 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 28 shows an electronic patient-care system having a hub coupled toa scanner and a dock, the electronic patient-care system also includesmodular infusion pumps that dock into the dock along a common horizontalplane, and the dock includes a monitoring client with a retractable userinterface in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 29 shows a side-view of the electronic patient-care system of FIG.28 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 30-32 show several views illustrating a clutch system for mountingan electronic patient-care system on a pole in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 33 shows an infusion pump and a dock coupled to a pole inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 34 shows the infusion pump with another infusion pump coupled to anopen connector and an open connector in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 35 shows the infusion pump of FIG. 33 with two additional infusionpumps each coupled to a respective open connector in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 36 shows a top view of one of the infusion pumps of FIGS. 33-35 anda hub in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 37 shows a square-shaped hub having several connectors inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 38 shows an electronic patient-care system having a hub coupled toa pole in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 39 shows an electronic patient-care system having a hub coupled toa pole and a portable dock that include a quick-release handle to detachthe portable dock from the hub in accordance with another embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 40 shows an electronic patient-care system having a hub coupled toa pole and a dock coupled to the hub in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 41 shows an electronic patient-care system having a hub coupled toa pole in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 42 shows an electronic patient-care system having a monitoringclient coupled to a hub having notches for receiving patient-caredevices in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 43 shows a close-up view of a T-shaped connector for connectingwith the notches of the hub as shown in FIG. 42 in accordance withanother embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 44 shows an electronic patient-care system having stackablepatient-care devices and a stackable container for housing an infusionbag in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 45 shows an electronic patient-care system having stackablepatient-care devices that are stackable next to another stack of patientcare devices in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 46 shows an electronic patient-care system having stackable patientcare devices with a syringe pump patient-care device having a singlesyringe in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 47 shows an electronic patient-care system having stackable patientcare devices with a syringe pump patient-care device having two syringesin accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 48 shows an electronic patient-care system having stackablepatient-care devices each having a display in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 49 is a close-up view of the handle of the electronic patient-caredevice of FIG. 48 in accordance with another embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 50 is a close-up view of an infusion line port showing an infusionline positioned therethrough of the electronic patient-care system ofFIG. 48 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 51 shows another embodiment of an electronic patient-care systemillustrating the removal of a stackable patient-care device inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 52 shows an electronic-patient care system prepared for transportin accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 53 shows an electronic-patient care system having stackablepatient-care devices in accordance with another embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 54 shows an electronic-patient care system having stackablepatient-care devices, stackable from the bottom up, in accordance withanother embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 55 shows an electronic-patient care system coupled to a pole andhaving stackable patient-care devices, stackable from the top down, inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 56 shows a perspective-view of a clutch system having a releasehandle for frictionally gripping to a pole in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 57 shows a back-view of the clutch system of FIG. 56 showing atransparent back in accordance with another embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 58 shows a top, cross-sectional view of the clutch system of FIG.56 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 59 is a block diagram of a system to control an infusion pump inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 60 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system having ahub for communicating with several electronic patient-care devices inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 61 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system having adock connectable to patient-care devices through USB connections inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 62 is a process diagram showing several stages of electronicpatient-care in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 63-66 show several arrangements of an electronic patient-caresystem in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 67 shows a timing diagram of electronic patient-care treatmentusing an infusion pump in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIGS. 68A-68B show a flow chart diagram of a method illustrating thetiming diagram of FIG. 67 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 69-70 show additional arrangements of an electronic patient-caresystem in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 71 shows a timing diagram of electronic patient-care treatmentusing an infusion pump in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIGS. 72A-72B show a flow chart diagram of a method illustrating thetiming diagram of FIG. 71 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 73 shows another timing diagram of electronic patient-caretreatment using an infusion pump in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 74 shows a flow chart diagram of a method illustrating the timingdiagram of FIG. 73 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 75 shows yet another timing diagram of electronic patient-caretreatment using an infusion pump in accordance with another embodimentof the present disclosure;

FIG. 76 shows a flow chart diagram of a method illustrating the timingdiagram of FIG. 75 is accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIGS. 77-78 show several arrangements of an electronic patient-caresystem in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 79 shows another timing diagram of an electronic patient-caretreatment using an infusion pump in accordance with another embodimentof the present disclosure;

FIGS. 80A-80B show a flow chart diagram of a method illustrating thetiming diagram of FIG. 79 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 81 shows another timing diagram of an electronic patient-caretreatment using an infusion pump in accordance with another embodimentof the present disclosure;

FIGS. 82A-82B show a flow chart diagram of a method illustrating thetiming diagram of FIG. 81 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 83-89 show several additional embodiments of an electronicpatient-care system in accordance with several embodiments of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 90 shows a block diagram of electronic circuitry of embodiments ofa hub in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 91 shows a block diagram of electronic circuitry for interfacingwith an infusion pump in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 92 shows another embodiment of an electronic patient-care systemhaving vertically aligned patient-care devices docked in a dock inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 93 shows a block diagram of electronic circuitry of an embodimentof a hub in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 94 shows a block diagram of electronic circuitry of a communicationmodule in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 95-98 shows several embodiments of electronic patient-care systemshaving an infusion pump coupled with a communications module inaccordance with several embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 99-101 show several block diagrams of electronic circuitry of adock in accordance with several embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 102 shows a block diagram of a battery pack in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 103-104 show additional embodiments of electronic circuitry of adock in accordance with additional embodiments of the presentdisclosure;

FIGS. 105-116 show several embodiments of attachable pumps attached to amonitoring client in accordance with additional embodiments of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 117 shows a backplane for use with infusion pumps in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 118 shows a cross-sectional view of the backplane panel of FIG. 117in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 119-120 show several embodiments of attachable pumps attached to amonitoring client in accordance with additional embodiments of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 121 shows a communication module in accordance with an embodimentof the present disclosure;

FIG. 122 shows a communication module attached to a patient-monitoringdevice in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 123 shows a diagram of electronic circuitry of the communicationmodule of FIG. 121 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 124 shows a diagram of electronic circuitry to translate Near-FieldCommunications to UHF in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIGS. 125-127 show several antennas in accordance with additionalembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 128 shows a patient wristband with an RFID tag attached thereto inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 129 shows split-ring resonator for use on the wristband of FIG. 128in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 130 shows a near-field antenna in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 131 shows an equivalent circuit for the split-ring resonator ofFIG. 130 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 132 shows a 5 R's checklist that may be displayed on a monitoringclient in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 133 shows an occlusion checklist that may be displayed on amonitoring client in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 134 shows a display of a monitoring client in operativecommunication with several infusion pumps in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 135 is an illustration of a display on a health care provider'sportable monitoring client, showing a list of patients whose informationthe provider can access in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 136 is an illustration of a display on a health care provider'sportable monitoring client, showing devices associated with a particularpatient, with current data from the devices and one-touch access to someof the patient's medical information in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 137 is an illustration of a display on a health care provider'sportable monitoring client, showing data entry fields for a prescriptionfor a medication for use with an intravenous infusion pump in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 138 is an illustration of a display on a health care provider'sportable monitoring client, showing a risk profile associated with anordered medication, and a suggested course of action, as generated bythe monitoring client in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 139 is an illustration of a display on a health care provider'sportable monitoring client, showing a medication prescription ready forsubmission by the ordering provider in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 140 is an illustration of a display on a health care provider'sportable monitoring client, showing how the monitoring system candisplay confirmation to the ordering provider that the prescription hasbeen transmitted to the pharmacist in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 141 shows a perspective-view of microinfusion pump coupled to anadapter in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 142 shows a perspective-view of a wireless hub device thatwirelessly relays data from a patient-care device to a monitoringclient, another hub, or a dock in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 143 shows a front, perspective-view of an electronic patient-caresystem having modular patient care devices coupled to a monitoringclient via an adapter and a dock in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 144 shows a side, perspective-view of the electronic patient-caresystem of FIG. 143 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 145 shows a close-up, perspective view of the interface of one ofthe patient-care devices shown in FIG. 143 in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 146 shows a top view of the electronic patient-care system of FIG.143 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 147 shows an illustration of a system for electronic patient-caresystem in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 148 shows a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 149 shows a block diagram of a beside portion of the electronicpatient-care system of FIG. 147 and/or FIG. 148 in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 150 shows a block diagram of the dock/hub of FIGS. 147, 148, and/or149 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 151 is a block diagram illustrating the infusion pump circuitry ofFIGS. 148 and/or 149 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 152 is a block diagram illustrating the sensors coupled to themechanics of an infusion pump in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 153A and 153B show a flow chart diagram illustrating a method forcommunicating data between a tablet and a base in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 154 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method for updating aninterface program in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 155 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method for establishinga second communications link between a tablet and a base in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 156 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method for communicatingdata between a tablet and a base as long as a link quality value of thesecond communications link is above a threshold in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 157 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method for entering intoa headless state if a link quality value falls below a threshold inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 158 shows a block diagram of a system for electronic patient carein accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 159 shows a block diagram of a sensor of FIG. 158 in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 160 shows a chart illustrating several physiological variables, thesensors that can measure them, and medical conditions that can bedetermined or quantified by monitoring the physiological variables inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 161 and 162 show a representative graph from each of four commonlyused medical sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 163 illustrates an embodiment where the recognition of a patternrequiring an alert is affected by a patient treatment regimen inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 164 shows non-exclusive signal characteristics used in oneembodiment to detect a pattern of change in a physiological variable inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 165 shows how the magnitude of signal deviation from homeostasiscan determine whether an alert is sent, here illustrated with signalsfrom two in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 166 shows a block diagram of a system for electronic patient carein accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 167 shows a block diagram of a system for electronic patient carein accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Techniques for facilitating patient care are disclosed. The techniquescan be implemented, for example, in a system having one or morepatient-care devices that are communicatively coupled to a monitoringclient, in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. The patient-caredevices may include any number of diverse functionalities and/or may beproduced by different manufacturers. In one such case, a communicationinterface between the client monitoring station and the various diversepatient-care devices allows for discovery and protocol translation, aswell as various other functionalities such as power provisioning,regulatory compliance, and user interface to name a few. A patient-caredevice may be an infusion pump, a microinfusion pump, an insulin pump, asyringe pump, a pill dispenser, a dialysis machine, a ventilator, asonogram, a ECG monitor, a blood pressure monitor, a pulse oxymeter, aCO2 capnometer, a drip counter, a flow-rate meter, an optical Dopplerdevice, a heart rate monitor, an IV bag, a hemodialysis machine, aperitoneal dialysis machine, intestinal dialysis machine, a patientthermometer, and/or other bedside patient-care device. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/704,899, filed Feb. 9, 2007 and entitled FluidDelivery Systems and Methods, now U.S. Publication No.US-2007-0228071-A1 published Oct. 4, 2007 (Attorney Docket No. E70),U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/704,896, filed Feb. 9, 2007 andentitled Pumping Fluid Delivery Systems and Methods Using ForceApplication Assembly, now U.S. Publication No. US-2007-0219496,published Sep. 20, 2007 (Attorney Docket. E71), U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/704,886, filed Feb. 9, 2007 and entitled Patch-Sized FluidDelivery Systems and Methods, now U.S. Publication No. US-2007-0219481,published Sep. 20, 2007 (Attorney Docket No. E72), U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/704,897, filed Feb. 9, 2007 and entitledAdhesive and Peripheral Systems and Methods for Medical Devices, nowU.S. Publication No. US-2007-0219597, published Sep. 20, 2007 (AttorneyDocket No. E73), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/347,985, filed Dec.31, 2008, and entitled Infusion Pump Assembly, now U.S. Publication No.US-2009-0299277 published Dec. 3, 2009 (Attorney Docket No. G75), U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/347,982, filed Dec. 31, 2008 and entitledWearable Pump Assembly, now U.S. Publication No. US-2009-0281497,published Nov. 12, 2009 (Attorney Docket No. G76), U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/347,981, filed Dec. 31, 2008 and entitledInfusion Pump Assembly, now U.S. Publication No. US-2009-0275896,published Nov. 5, 2009 (Attorney Docket No. G77), U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/347,984 filed Dec. 31, 2008 and entitled PumpAssembly With Switch, now U.S. Publication No. US-2009-0299289,published Dec. 3, 2009 (Attorney Docket No. G79), U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/249,882, filed Oct. 10, 2008 and entitledInfusion Pump Assembly, now U.S. Publication No. US-2010-0094222,published Apr. 15, 2010 (Attorney Docket No. F51), U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/249,636, filed Oct. 10, 2008 and entitled Systemand Method for Administering an Infusible Fluid, now U.S. PublicationNo. US-2010-0094261, published Apr. 15, 2010 (Attorney Docket No. F52),U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/249,621, filed Oct. 10, 2008 andentitled Occlusion Detection System and Method, now U.S. Publication No.US-2010-0090843, published Apr. 15, 2010 (Attorney Docket No. F53), U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/249,600, filed Oct. 10, 2008 and entitledMulti-Language/Multi-Processor Infusion Pump Assembly, now U.S.Publication No. US-2010-0094221, published Apr. 15, 2010 (AttorneyDocket No. F54), U.S. Pat. No. 8,066,672, issued Nov. 29, 2011 andentitled An Infusion Pump Assembly with a Backup Power Supply (AttorneyDocket No. F55), U.S. Pat. No. 8,016,789, issued Sep. 13, 2011 andentitled Pump Assembly with a Removable Cover Assembly (Attorney DocketNo. F56), U.S. Pat. No. 7,306,578, issued Dec. 11, 2007 and entitledLoading Mechanism for Infusion Pump (Attorney Docket No. C54), all whichare hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Thetechniques can be used to allow for seamless communication and failsafeoperation. Numerous other features, functionalities, and applicationswill be apparent in light of this disclosure.

General Overview

As previously described the process of providing comprehensive care topatients, such as ordering and delivering of medical treatments, isassociated with a number of non-trivial issues. For instance, there isgreat potential for critical information to be miscommunicated,treatment decisions to be made without ready access to completeinformation, and/or delay in implementation of prescriptions due tounnecessarily redundant and inefficient procedures.

In more detail, medication errors may be responsible for hundreds ofdeaths and may injure thousands or even millions of people each year inthe United States alone. Hospitals under financial stress may experiencean increased incidence of medication errors. Medications associated withthe most dangerous errors include insulin, narcotics, heparin, andchemotherapy. Sources of medication errors include administering thewrong medication, administering the wrong concentration of medication,delivering the medication at the wrong rate, or delivering themedication through the wrong route (medications can be administeredorally, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, rectally,topically to the skin, eye or ear, intrathecally, intraperitoneally, oreven intravesically). Even with proper ordering and proper labeling,medications may still be administered improperly because of illegiblehandwriting, miscommunication of prescriptions for medications, andmispronunciation of medications having similar names. The trend of usingelectronic medical records (“EMR”) and bar coding systems formedications has been shown to reduce the incidence of medication errors.EMR systems, for example, can facilitate computerized provider orderentry (“CPOE”) and flag prescriptions that do not match a patient'sdiagnosis, allergies, weight, and/or age. However, these systems havenot been widely adopted and their implementation can result insignificant delays and inefficiencies in ordering, preparing, andadministering medications.

In addition, medication infusion devices, e.g., infusion pumps, areinvolved in a substantial number (e.g., up to one third) of allmedication errors that result in significant harm. The wrong medicationmay be hung, incorrect parameters (e.g., medication concentration orinfusion rate) may be entered, or existing infusion parameters may beimproperly changed. Of the deaths related to infusion pumps, nearly halfmay be due to user error and most of these errors may be due to errorsin programming the infusion pump.

An effective monitoring system may monitor and intercede at any phase ofthe medication ordering and administration process to help minimize anyof a number of adverse events that could result from the treatment. Themedication treatment process may be conceptually separated into threephases: a prescription phase, a medication preparation phase, and amedication administration phase. Errors can occur when a prescriptionfor a medication is written or entered, when the medication is retrievedfor use or mixed in a solution, or when the medication is administeredto the patient.

Thus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, anelectronic patient-care system is disclosed that includes a monitoringclient configured to communicate at least one patient-care parameter, apatient-care device configured to communicate the at least onepatient-care parameter, and a communication interface configured tofacilitate communication between the monitoring client and the at leastone patient care device, by discovering the presence of the at least onepatient-care device and translating communication signals from thatdevice into a communication protocol associated with the monitoringclient. In some embodiments, the monitoring client passively monitorsthe operation of a patient-care device. The communication interface maybe implemented by a communication module described below. Thecommunication interface may be further configured to discover thepresence of additional other patient-care devices that are differentfrom one another (e.g., diverse manufacturers, functions, and/orcommunication protocols, etc), and to translate communication signalsfrom those devices into the communication protocol associated with themonitoring client or a hub. Thus, the communication interface allows themonitoring client, such as a tablet computer, to effectively be used ascommon generic user interface that healthcare providers can use whenproviding treatment to a patient associated with the monitoring client.One or more databases accessible by the monitoring client allow forcentral storage of patient info (in any format and database structure,as desired by the healthcare facility or database maintainer), as wellas for downloading information that can be used by the healthcareproviders in treatment of the patient associated with the monitoringclient. The communication interface can be implemented in a number ofways, using wired and/or wireless technologies, and allows for seamlesscommunication and failsafe operation of multiple patient-care devices.Some patient-care devices, hubs, docks, and/or monitoring clients maycommunicate simultaneously over two or more communications links and/orsimultaneously over two frequency channels (in some embodiments, thedata may be redundant). In some embodiments, the communication modulemay allow a patient-care device to be portability used, e.g., byincluding a battery and sufficient circuitry for mobile operation of thepatient-care device, such as an infusion pump. Additionally oralternatively, a patient wristband may include batteries that can pluginto the communication module to power the patient-care device (or insome embodiments, it may be plugged directly into the patient-caredevice). The communication module may be wirelessly charged.

In some embodiments, data such as patient-care parameters (e.g.,real-time parameters, in some embodiments) may be transmitted to a cloudserver for storage and may be de-identified.

System Architecture

As shown in FIG. 1, an electronic patient care system 100 includes oneor more monitoring clients 1,4, each of which may be assigned and inphysical proximity to an individual patient 2, and a remote monitoringserver 3 for the uploading of information from a number of the variousmonitoring clients 1,4, and for downloading information and instructionsfrom various sources to the monitoring clients 1,4. When in thepatient's room, a health care provider can interact directly with amonitoring client 1 to obtain information about the patient 2 or toenter orders pertaining to the patient 2. Multiple monitoring clients 1may interact with a single monitoring server 3. The monitoring server 3may include middleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 ofFIG. 1). Additionally or alternatively, providers at remote locations(e.g., the doctor's office, the nursing station 5, the hospital pharmacy6, etc.) may interact with an individual monitoring client 1 through acommunications link with the monitoring server 3 or directly via ahospital local area network having each of the monitoring clients 1,4 asa node.

A remote communicator 11, other monitoring clients 4, a nursing station5, or a doctor's office may enter in prescriptions which are sent toupdate the Patient's Personal EHR 19 or are sent to the pharmacy 6 forfilling. The prescription may be a prescription for pills, for infusinga fluid, or other treatment. The prescription may be a prescription forinfusing a fluid using the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126 or themicroinfusion pump 130, or for dispensing pills using the pill dispenser128.

The pharmacy 6 may include one or more computers connected to a network,e.g., the internet, to receive the prescription and queue theprescription within the one or more computers. The pharmacy may use theprescription: (1) to compound the drug (e.g., using an automatedcompounding device that can compound a fluid or create a pill that iscoupled to the one or more computers, or manually by a pharmacistsviewing the queue of the one or more computers); (2) to pre-fill a fluidreservoir of a syringe pump 126; (3) to program the syringe pump 126(e.g., a treatment regime is programmed into the syringe pump 126); (4)to pre-fill the microinfusion pump 130; (5) to program the microinfusionpump 130; (6) to pre-fill the IV bag 170; (7) to program the infusionpump 7; (8) to pre-fill the pill dispenser 128; (9) or to program thepill dispenser 128 at the pharmacy in accordance with the prescription.The automated compounding device may automatically fill the fluid withinone or more of the syringe pump 126, the IV bag 170 or the microinfusionpump 130, and/or may automatically fill the pill dispenser 128 withpills. The automated compounding device may generate a barcode, an RFIDtag and/or data. The information within the barcode, RFID tag, and/ordata may include the treatment regime, prescription, and/or patientinformation.

The automated compounding device may: (1) attach the barcode to theinfusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130, thepill dispenser 128, or the IV bag 170; (2) attach the RFID tag to theinfusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130, thepill dispenser 128, or the IV bag 170; and/or (3) program the RFID tagor memory within the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, themicroinfusion pump 130, the pill dispenser 128, or the IV bag 170 withthe information or data. The data or information may be sent to adatabase (e.g., the patient's EHR 19 or the patient's personal EHR 19′)that associates the prescription with the infusion pump 7, the syringepump 126, the microinfusion pump 130, the pill dispenser 128, or the IVbag 170, e.g., using a serial number or other identifying informationwithin the barcode, RFID tag, or memory.

The infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130,or the pill dispenser 128 may have a scanner (e.g., an RFID interrogatoror barcode scanner) that determines: (1) if the syringe pump 126 or theIV bag 170 has the correct fluid; (2) if the microinfusion pump 130 hasthe correct fluid; (3) if the pill dispenser 128 has the correct pills;(4) if the treatment programmed into the infusion pump 7, the syringepump 126, the microinfusion pump 130, or the IV bag 170 corresponds tothe fluid within the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130 or IVbag 170; (5) if the treatment programmed into the pill dispenser 128corresponds to the pills within the pill dispenser 128; and/or (6) ifthe treatment programmed into the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126,the microinfusion pump 130, or the pill dispenser 128 is correct for theparticular patient (e.g., as determined from a patient's barcode, RFID,or other patient identification). That is, in some specific embodiments,the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130and/or the pill dispenser 128 may read one or more serial numbers off ofan RFID tag or barcode and ensure that the value matches a value asfound in internal memory (e.g., downloaded via the automated compoundingdevice, for example) or that the value matches a value as found inelectronic medical records of a patient (e.g., via a patient's serialnumber as determined by a scan of an RFID tag of a patient or a scan ofa barcode by the patient as stored in the patient's EHR 19 or thepatient's personal EHR 19′).

For example, the scanner of the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126,the microinfusion pump 130, or the pill dispenser 128 may scan a barcodeof another patient-care device to obtain a serial number of the patientcare device and a patient's barcode to determine a serial number of thepatient, and may query the electronic medical records data to determineif the serial number of the patient-care device corresponds to theserial number of the patient as stored within the electronic medicalrecords (e.g., which may have been updated by the pharmacy 22 or theautomated compounding device of the pharmacy).

Additionally or alternatively, the monitoring client 6 may scan theinfusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, the pill dispenser 128, themicroinfusion pump 130, or the IV bag 170 to determine: (1) if thesyringe pump 126 or the IV bag 170 has the correct fluid; (2) if themicroinfusion pump 130 has the correct fluid; (3) if the pill dispenser128 has the correct pills; (4) if the treatment programmed into theinfusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130, orthe IV bag 170 corresponds to the fluid within the syringe pump 126, themicroinfusion pump 130 or IV bag 170; (5) if the treatment programmedinto the pill dispenser 128 corresponds to the pills within the pilldispenser 128; and/or (6) if the treatment programmed into the infusionpump 7, the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130, or the pilldispenser 128 is correct for the particular patient (e.g., as determinedfrom a patient's barcode, RFID, or other patient identification).Additionally or alternatively, the monitoring client 1, the infusionpump 7, the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130, or the pilldispenser 128 may interrogate the electronic medical records database 19or 19′ and/or the pharmacy 22 to verify the prescription or download theprescription, e.g., using a barcode serial number on the infusion pump7, the syringe pump 126, the microinfusion pump 130, the pill dispenser128, or the IV bag 170.

Optionally, the monitoring client 1, the other monitoring client 4,and/or the remote communicator 11 may be used to send commands orrequests to the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128,130, 148 such as for example, a bolus amount, an infusion flow rate, atotal fluid for delivery, a start time for drug delivery, a stop timefor drug delivery or a flow-delivery-rate profile to the infusion pump7, the syringe pump 126 and/or the microinfusion pump 130. In someembodiments, one or more of the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may be usedto send commands or requests to the pill dispenser 7, such as, forexample, a pill dispense command to dispense a pill, a pill-type, a pilldispensing schedule, and/or a max pill-dispensing criteria. The maxpill-dispensing criteria may be a maximum amount of a medication thatmay be delivered within a predetermined interval of time; for example,certain medications are taken as needed (i.e., pro re nata); however,the medication may not be safe if taken in excess and the maxpill-dispensing criteria may prevent the medication from being taken atunsafe levels by the patient, e.g., a predetermined amount during apredetermined interval of time.

Optionally, the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128,130, 148 may also communicate data back to the monitoring client 1, theother monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11 for:determining if an alarm or alert should be issued or sent; determiningif the treatment or condition is safe for the patient; determining ifthe system 100 is operating properly or within predetermined bounds;and/or for displaying the data on a display of the monitoring client 1,the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11. Forexample, optionally, the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, and/orthe microinfusion pump 130 may communicate (where applicable): upstreampressure; changes in upstream pressure; pressure downstream to thepatient 2; changes in pressure downstream to the patient 2; the presenceor absence of air within an infusion line; an actual bolus amountdelivered; an actual infusion flow rate; an actual total fluiddelivered; an actual start time for drug delivery; an actual stop timefor drug delivery; or an actual flow-delivery-rate profile to one ormore of the monitoring client 1, the other monitoring client 4 and/orthe remote communicator 11. In another embodiment, the pill dispenser128 may optionally communicate data back to the monitoring client 1, theother monitoring client 4, and/or the remote communicator 11, such as,for example, an actual pill dispensed, an actual pill-type dispensed, anactual pill dispensing schedule as dispensed, or whether or not a maxpill-dispensing criteria was exceeded.

The data received from the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35,126, 128, 130, 148 may be analyzed for any predefined conditions toissue an alarm and/or an alert. For example, one or more of themonitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may use an increase in pressure downstreamof the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126 and/or the microinfusionpump 130 to be an indication of one of: excessive clotting,infiltration, occlusion or kinking of the tubing to the patient; orocclusion caused downstream by material, e.g., such as contaminationfound within the IV bag 170. In response to the sudden increase indownstream pressure, one or more of the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 mayvisually or audibly alarm or alert a user. These alarms and/or alertsmay also inform a nurse to take other appropriate actions, e.g., asuggestion to change a needle in response to an occlusion (e.g., onecaused by clotting) when the pressure downstream to the patient risesabove a predetermined threshold, or a suggestion to check for a kink inthe line when the pressure downstream to the patient rises above apredetermined threshold

Additionally or alternatively, a sudden decrease in pressure downstreamto the patient 2 may be an indication that the tubing has becomedetached from the needle and/or the needle is now out of the patient;and, in response, one or more of the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 mayvisually or audibly alarm or alert a user to reattach the tubing to theneedle or insert a new needle for continued infusion. The alarm may alsoindicate that action needs to be taken quickly, e.g., because thepatient may be bleeding such as when the tubing becomes detached fromthe needle and the patient is bleeding through the unattached needlecoupler.

In some embodiments, additionally or alternatively, the pressureupstream to one or more infusion pumps 7 may be monitored for anyupstream occlusions. For example, contamination with the IV bag 170 mayclog the tubing upstream of the infusion pump 7. During each time theinfusion pump 7 attempts to pump fluid from the IV bag 170, the pressureupstream to the infusion pump 7 may drop lower than would occur whenthere is no occlusion upstream. Therefore, one or more of the monitoringclients 1, 4, 11 may issue an alarm or alert when the upstream pressuredrops below a predetermined threshold and suggest or require a caregiverto alleviate the occlusion, e.g., by changing tubing or a IV bag 170.

One or more of the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may, optionally, send acommand to one or more of the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126,and/or the microinfusion pump 130 to stop delivery of fluid in responseto the sudden increase and/or decrease of pressure downstream to thepatient 2.

As shown in FIG. 1, and as in some embodiments, the system 100 includesa monitoring-client dock 102 and a device dock 104. Themonitoring-client dock 102 is configured to receive the monitoringclient 1, and the device dock 104 is configured to receive one or morepatient-care devices to facilitate bedside patient care (described inmore detail below). Although the device dock 104 is shows as beingcapable of receiving several patient-care devices, in other embodiments,the device dock 104 can receive one patient-care device, a plurality ofpatient-care devices, or any arbitrary number of patient-care devices.Additionally, although the monitoring-client dock 102 is shown as becapable of receiving one monitoring client 1, in other embodiments, themonitoring-client dock 102 can receive two monitoring clients 1, morethan two monitoring clients 1, or any arbitrary number of monitoringclients 1.

In this example embodiment, a cable 110 is coupled to both of the docks102, 104 to provide a communications link therebetween. The cable 110may be permanently attached to or is attachable to one or both of thedocks 102, 104. Additionally or alternatively, the cable 110 may includeone or more connectors (not explicitly shown) for plugging the cableinto one or both of the docks 102, 104.

In some embodiments, the docks 102, 104 can communicate with each otherusing one or more wires and/or waveguides within the cable 110. Forexample, in an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cable 110includes a fiber-optic waveguide to provide an optical communicationslink between the docks 102, 104. In other embodiments, and as will beappreciated in light of this disclosure, cable 110 can be replaced withone or more wireless communication links (e.g., Bluetooth, etc), if sodesired. Still other embodiments may employ a combination of wired andwireless communication channels between docks 102, 104. Any number ofsuitable wired connection types can be used in various embodiments.

In some embodiments, the communications link between the docks 102, 104may use any known communications links, such as serial communications,parallel communications, synchronous communications, asynchronouscommunications, packet-based communications, virtual-circuit basedcommunications, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, in someembodiments, the communications link established between the docks 102,104 may utilize a wireless connection, a wired connection, aconnectionless protocol, e.g., User Datagram Protocol (“UDP”), or aconnection-based protocol, e.g., Transmission Control Protocol (“TCP”).For example, the communications between the docks 102, 104 may be basedupon one or more of a Universal Serial Bus standard, SATA, eSATA,firewire, an Ethernet standard, Fibre Channel, Bluetooth, Bluetooth LowEnergy, WiFi, any physical layer technology, any OSI-layer technology,and the like.

When the monitoring client 1 is docked to the monitoring-client dock102, the monitoring client 1 has access to the communications betweenthe docks 102, 104. For example, in some embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the monitoring client 1 can communicate with electroniccircuitry within the device dock 104, e.g., a memory, via thecommunications link provided by the cable 110. Additionally oralternatively, the monitoring client 1 can communicate with any devicedocked to the device dock 104 through the communications link providedby the cable 110 and/or one or more wireless communication links(described in more detail below).

With further reference to the example embodiment shown in FIG. 1, thedevice dock 104 may include a variety of accessories, each of which isoptional, such as an attachable display 134, a camera 136, and amicrophone 138. Likewise, the monitoring-client dock 102 may include avariety of accessories, each of which is optional, such as a camera 140and a microphone 142. The monitoring client 1 may include a variety ofaccessories, each of which is optional, such as a camera 144 and amicrophone 146. The cameras 136, 140, 144 may be used, for example, byfacial-recognition software to authenticate or identify the presence ofa provider (e.g., a nurse, nurse practitioner, doctor, etc.) and/or apatient. Additionally or alternatively, the microphones 138, 142, and146 may be used, for instance, by voice-recognition software toauthenticate or identify the presence of the provider and/or a patient.As will be appreciated in light of this disclosure, the cameras 136,140, 144 and microphones 138, 142, and 146 can also be used, forexample, to allow a patient to communicate with a remote care providerand/or to confirm the identity of a patient (e.g., using voice and/orfacial recognition techniques, retinal scans, etc) prior to commencing atreatment, so as to ensure the right patient receives the righttreatment.

As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the monitoring client 1, themonitoring-client dock 102, and the device dock 104, each have arespective antenna 112, 106, and 108 for wireless communications (eachof the antennas 112, 106, and/or 108 is optional). If the cable 110 isunplugged or the communications between the docks 102, 104 via the cable110 is otherwise interrupted or impaired, the monitoring-client dock 102and the device dock 104 can continue to communicate with each otherusing a wireless communications link established through the antennas106, 108. Additionally, when the monitoring client 1 is removed from themonitoring-client dock 102, the monitoring client 1 can communicate, forexample, directly to the device dock 104 and/or the monitoring client 1can communicate with the device dock 104 by wirelessly communicatingwith the monitoring-client dock 102, which relays the communications viathe cable 110 or via a wireless communications link between the docks102, 104. As previously mentioned, communications between the monitoringclient 1 and the device dock 104 may be utilized by the monitoringclient 1 to communicate with the various devices docked to the devicedock 104.

In some embodiments, the monitoring client 1 may electrically determineif one or more electrical contacts of one or more connectors are inelectrical engagement with the monitoring-client dock 102 to determineif the cable 110 is available as a communications link, e.g., bymeasuring a voltage or an impedance between two electrical contacts of aconnector of the monitoring client 1 used for docking to themonitoring-client dock 102 and for providing electrical communicationbetween the monitoring-client dock 102 and the monitoring client 1.Also, the monitoring client 1 may determine the cable 110 is unavailableif the monitoring client 1 determines it is not electrically coupled tothe cable 110. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, amagnet in the dock 102 engages a Hall-Effect sensor in the monitoringclient 1, which the monitoring client 1 uses, in turn, to determine ifit is docked such that the monitoring client 1 assumes the cable 110 isunavailable as a communications link when the monitoring client 1 isundocked. Additionally or alternatively, circuitry within themonitoring-client dock 102 may signal the monitoring client 1 when thecable is unavailable as a communications link. In some embodiments, themonitoring client 1 may periodically “ping” the device dock 104 via thecable 110; if the monitoring client does not receive a response from thedevice dock 104 within a predetermined amount of time, the monitoringclient 1 will assume the cable 110 is unavailable as a communicationslink.

In the event the monitoring client 1 determines the cable 110 isunavailable as a communications link, the monitoring client 1 may issuean alarm or alert using a speaker and/or a vibration motor, an alarm oralert signal may be sent to the remote communicator 11 to alarm or alertthe remote communicator using a speaker and/or a vibration motor, and/orthe monitoring client 1 may attempt to communicate with the patient-caredevices via other communications links. The term “alert” as used hereinis intended to include “soft” alerts, such as, for example, an alertthat is not brought to a person's attention until after a predeterminedamount of time has passed and the cause of the alert remains.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the monitoring-clientdock 102 includes one or more wires or waveguides from the monitoringclient 1 to the cable 110 using minimal or no circuitry. For example, insome embodiments of the present disclosure, the monitoring-client dock102 is a cradle which provides direct electrical coupling from themonitoring client 1 to the cable 110. Additionally or alternatively, insome embodiments of the present disclosure, the device dock 104 includesone or more wires or waveguides to facilitate communications amongvarious docked devices and/or the monitoring client 1 via themonitoring-client dock 102 using minimal or no circuitry. The devicedock 104, in some embodiments, may be a cradle.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each monitoring client 1 isassigned to a specific patient 2 and may be a desk-based, portable, orhand-held and may have a display and user input capability. Themonitoring client 1 may be portable and can facilitate efficient dataviewing and data entry; the monitoring client 1 may be a notebook PC, anetbook PC, a tablet PC, a “smart-phone,” with or without a touchscreen. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, themonitoring client 1 and/or the remote communicator 11 may be docked orcoupled to a cable that is connected to a much larger display therebyturning the much larger display (e.g., a 24-inch display) into thedisplay of the monitoring client 1 and/or the remote communicator 11;the much larger display may having input capabilities, such as touchscreen capabilities, stylus-input capabilities, keyboard inputcapabilities, remote-control input capabilities, and the like that arecommunicated to the monitoring client 1 and/or the remote communicator11. For example, the viewing of X-ray or patient imaging files may befacilitated by docking the monitoring client 1 and/or the remotecommunicator 11 to a viewing-dock coupled to a larger display such thatthe care giver can see the patient imaging file using the largerdisplay. The viewing-dock may also charge the monitoring client and/orremote communicator 11.

The monitoring client 1 may run a Linux-based operating system, anAndroid-based operating system, a Blackberry-based operating system, atablet-based operating system, iOS, an iPad OS, an iPhone OS, and thelike. The designation of a particular monitoring client 1 to aparticular patient 2 may be made using any of a number of methods,including (but not limited to) a unique patient identifier encoded on abar code 114 or an RFID tag 116 embedded in a wrist band 118, forexample. The device dock 104 includes a scanner 120 to determine theunique patient identifier of the bar code 114 or RFID tag 116. Thescanner 120 may be a laser barcode scanner, a CCD-based barcode scanner,a near field communicator or interrogator, an RFID reader, and the like.In other embodiments, note that the unique patient identifier can bebased on biometric data of the patient. In one such example case,biometric capability (e.g., facial and/or voice recognition, retinascan, blood type monitor, finger print scan, etc) can be embedded in orotherwise associated with the monitoring client 1. The device dock 104can communicate the unique patient identifier to the monitoring-clientdock 102, the monitoring client 1, the monitoring server 3, the remotecommunicator 11, other monitoring clients 4, another server, or anelectronic computing apparatus to facilitate the treatment of thepatient 2.

The monitoring client 1 may include one or more of microprocessors,microcontrollers, logic devices, digital circuitry, analog circuitry,and the like to communicate (e.g., send or receive) information relevantto the patient's 9 care, condition, disease, or treatment. For example,the monitoring client 1 may send or receive patient-care parameters,such as patient-condition parameters and/or patient-treatmentparameters. Some exemplary patient-condition parameters are measurementsof blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, a pulse oxymeter, CO2levels, blood oxygen levels, patient alertness, patient consciousness,patient responsiveness, and the like. Some exemplarily patient-treatmentparameters include a drug to be administrator, a flow rate of a drug orliquid, a drug administration schedule, or other bedside treatmentparameter.

In some embodiments, for example, the monitoring client 1 may bephysically associated with, permanently attached to, is attachable to,is detachable from, or is attachably detachable from the infusion pump7. This can be accomplished by a docking interface between the twodevices, e.g., the monitoring-client dock 102 and the device dock 104.In one such embodiment, the monitoring client 1 communicates with thepump 7 (or other patient-care device) in a number of ways, including,for example, through electrical contacts in the docks 102, 104, by meansof an electrical connector, or wirelessly by means of transceivers oneach device using a respective antenna 112, 122A. Additionally oralternatively, the infusion pump may include preprogrammed treatmentdata indicating a particular treatment for a particular patient that isuploaded to the monitoring client 1 when the infusion pump 7 becomes inoperative communication with the monitoring client 1.

The monitoring client 1 may also communicate with one or more databasesin the facility 8, with databases external to the facility 9, 10, and/orwith health care providers using portable communicators 11 (including,for example, physicians, nurses, and pharmacists). This can beaccomplished by a wired connection to a facility server 8 through aconnector in the patient's room (such as, for example, a Category 5local area network connector, USB, wired Ethernet, and the like), orwirelessly 12 (such as, for example, WiFi, 3G, 4G, EVDO, WiMax, and thelike). In one embodiment, access to intra- and extra-facility databasesis mediated 13 through the monitoring server 3 (e.g., using middleware),which can then centralize the software and application programminginterfaces to communicate with databases having disparate organization,formatting, and communications protocols. Thus, in an embodiment of thepresent disclosure, any software updates may be largely limited to themonitoring server 3, reducing the maintenance requirements on theindividual monitoring clients 1, 4, 11. Optionally, a monitoring client1 can communicate with patient-treatment devices, such as an infusionpump 7, to receive information about the progress of treatment (such asoperating parameters) and to provide operational instructions to thepatient-treatment device. In another embodiment, the monitoring client 1may also communicate with patient-care devices for diagnostic ormonitoring purposes to receive patient-condition parameters (such as,for example, an electrocardiographic (“ECG”) monitor 14, a bloodpressure (“BP”) monitor 15, a pulse oximeter or CO2 capnometer 16, orother devices such as temperature monitors, etc.) to receive readoutinformation from the devices and potentially to instruct the devices 14,15, 16, 17 to take a reading when desired by a provider or by analgorithm.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the facility services 8and/or the drug adverse event network 9 may also include a Drug ErrorReduction System (“DERS”). The DERS system may include a first set ofpredetermined criteria to trigger soft alarms and/or a second set ofpredetermined criteria to trigger hard alarms. Soft alarms may beoverridden (e.g., turned off) by a caregiver using a user interface ofan infusion pump 7 and/or a monitoring client 1 (and may be only anaudible and/or vibratory alarm) while hard alarms cause the treatment tocease until the source of the hard alarm is removed.

In yet an additional embodiment of the present disclosure, the DERSsystem may include a first set of predetermined criteria defining softlimits and/or a second set of predetermined criteria defining hardlimits. The hard and soft limits define treatment limits, such as drugdosage limits based upon size, weight, age, other patient parameters, orother criteria. Soft limits may be overridden by a caregiver using auser interface of the infusion pump 7 and/or the monitoring client 1 tostart treatment despite that the treatment is outside of the first setof predetermined criteria while the hard limits prevent the treatmentfrom starting until the settings are changed to confirm to the secondset of predetermined criteria defining the hard limits.

As can further be seen in the example embodiments of FIG. 1, system 100also includes communication modules 124A-124K, each having a respectiveantenna of the antennas 122A-122K. In some embodiments, each of thecommunication modules 124A-124K is optional and/or each device may haveintegrated communications capability. Each of the communication modules124A-124K includes a connector for coupling to a respective device. Inother embodiments, each of the communication modules 124A-124K ispermanently integrated with the device it is shown as being attached toin FIG. 1.

Each of the communication modules 124A-124K optionally includes one ormore transceivers for optionally communicating over one or more wirelesslinks to each other, to the device dock 104, to the monitoring-clientdock 102, to the monitoring client 1, to the remote communicator 11, tothe monitoring server 3, over the local area network and/or wide areanetwork (e.g., the Internet), to a hub 802 (see FIG. 8) and/or otherwiseto communicate with any other device having sufficient wirelesscommunications capability. In some specific embodiments, thecommunication modules 124A-124K may operate, for example, as a wirelessmesh network, e.g., using IEEE 802.14.4, Zigbee, XBee, Wibree, IEEE802.11, and the like. In a more general sense, communication betweenmodules 124A-124K and other components of system 100 (e.g., docks 102and 104, monitoring clients 1,4,11, etc.) can be implemented using anywireless communication protocol that, for example, allows for devicediscovery, handshaking, and/or inter-device communication as describedherein, whether in a static, dynamic, or ad hoc topology (to accommodatemobility of, for example, monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 and/or the variousmedical devices associated with the dock 104).

In other embodiments, each patient-care device may include no modules ormore than two modules (e.g., communication modules). For example, eachmodule may have a specific function, e.g., WiFi, and a user can select aplurality of modules each having a specific function and couple themtogether. The group of modules may then be applied to the patient-caredevice, e.g., an infusion pump. Consider yet another example: eachmodule may have a primary processor, a backup processor, and functionalcircuitry, all in operative communication with each other. Thefunctional circuitry may be a wireless transceiver, a battery, aninterface to a touch screen or display (the display may be attached tothe housing), a wire connection, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, WiFi,3G, 4G, a co-processor, a control system (e.g., to control an infusionpump), a medication with fluid measurement circuitry, and the like. Theselected modules may be connected together, e.g., in a daisy chain, andthereafter connected to an infusion pump. The selected modules, in thisexample, may be in operative communication with each other to coordinatetheir action and/or function, e.g., via a CAN bus, wired connection,wirelessly, and/or the like.

The modules may each include a speaker and a microphone. When severalmodules are connected to together, the modules may coordinate theiroperation such that one module audibly signals a speaker while anothermodule uses a microphone to determine if the speaker is functioningproperly. Several modules may each use their speaker on a differentfrequency such that any one of the modules may sense the sound via itsmicrophone and demodulate the different frequencies to test several ofthe speakers simultaneously. The test may be requested by a first moduleto a second module, and the second module may send the results from thetest to the first module.

Continuing to refer to FIG. 1, one or more of the communication modules124A-124K may also optionally include one or more batteries to providepower to the device coupled thereto. For example, the communicationmodule 124A may be coupled to the infusion pump 7 to provide powerthereto. Other structure and functionality of the communication modules124A-124K may be included, depending on the purpose and functionality ofthe device with which it is associated. For instance, in someembodiments, control of infusion takes place at the infusion pump andinputs regarding desired delivery take place on the infusion pump;therefore, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, thecommunication module 124A implements a control algorithm, e.g., aproportional-integral-derivative (“PID”) control loop, to control theinfusion pump 7. In such cases, the monitoring client 1 may communicate,for instance, a fluid-flow rate signal to the communication module 124A(e.g., via a wireless link), which then applies a signal correspondingto the fluid-flow rate signal through electrical contacts coupled to themotor (not explicitly shown) of the infusion pump 7 to achieve thedesired flow rate. In some embodiments, the infusion pump 7 provides oneor more feedback signals from a flow-rate meter provided within theinfusion pump 7 to the communication module 124A so the communicationmodule 124A can control the operation of the infusion pump 7 (e.g., someaspects of the operation, such as a PID control system, etc.). Theresults may be delivered to the monitoring client 1 for being displayedto a user using a GUI, such as a QT-based GUI (in some embodiments, themonitoring client 1 is a tablet). Additionally or alternatively, in someembodiments, a drip flow meter 148 can be used to wirelessly communicatethe flow rate to the communication module 124A via the communicationmodule 124K and antenna 122K associated with the drip flow meter 148.

As will be appreciated in light of this disclosure, the communicationmodules 124A-124K can be operatively coupled to a variety ofpatient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 148. For exampleand with further reference to FIG. 1, the communication module 124B isoperatively coupled to a syringe pump 126, and the communication module124C is operatively coupled to a pill dispenser 128. Additionally oralternatively, the communication module 124E is operatively coupled tothe ECG monitor 12, the communication module 124F is operatively coupledto the blood pressure monitor 15, the communication module 124G isoperatively coupled to the pulse oximeter/CO2 capnometer 16, thecommunication module 124H is operatively coupled to the other monitor17, the communication module 124I is operatively coupled to thepatient's IV access 35, and the communication module 124K is operativelycoupled to the drip flow meter 148. Each respective communication module124A-124K can provide, for instance, an appropriate control system,control algorithm, battery power, or other functionality for itsrespective patient-care device 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, or 148coupled thereto.

Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the communicationmodule 124D is docked in the device dock 104 and is operatively coupledto the device dock 104 via, for example, a bus or backplane forcommunicating with any device attached to the device dock 104, as wellas for communicating with electronic circuitry within the device dock104, electronic circuitry within the monitoring-client dock 102, and/orthe monitoring client 1. Optionally, the communication module 124D canprovide communications for and/or power to any device docked within thedevice dock 104, e.g., the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, thepill dispenser 128, or a microinfusion pump 130. Note the functionalityof communication module 124D can also be integrated into the circuitryof the device dock 104 itself.

Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, it is optional forthe communication modules 124 to each be configured to provide asufficient power supply for their respective device 7, 14, 15, 16, 17,35, 126, 128, 148 which may be supplemented by one or more wired powersources, for example, a power source accessible through the bus orbackplane within the device dock 104. As previously mentioned, in someembodiments of the present disclosure, the communication module 124Dprovides sufficient power to the devices 7, 126, 128, 130, and 133.

As previously mentioned, in some embodiments, the communication modules124 are each configured with power circuitry (e.g., a voltage converter,regulator circuitry, rectification and filtering circuitry, a buckcircuit, a boost circuit, a buck-boost circuit, a switched-mode powersupply, etc.) that provides sufficient power to the correspondingdevices 7, 126, 128, and 130. In some such cases, this power circuitrymay be configurable so as to allow for provisioning of various powersupply characteristics (e.g., voltage level, maximum load/currentrequirements, and A/C frequency) associated with the different anddiverse patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 148. Anynumber of power provisioning and management schemes will be apparent inlight of this disclosure.

Optionally, in other embodiments of the present disclosure, a powermodule 132 having one or more battery cells, e.g., lithium-ion batterycells, is attached to the device dock 104 to provide sufficient power tothe devices 7, 126, 128, 130, 133 for the full treatment duration.Additionally or alternatively, the power module 132 may be plugged intoan outlet in the patient's room (generally depicted in FIG. 1 as an ACsource), when available. In such cases, the outlet power can be used,where available, to power the devices in dock 104 and to chargebatteries included in the power module 132 (this may occursimultaneously); when outlet power is lost or is otherwise unavailable,the power module 132 and/or batteries within the communication modules124A, 124B, 124C can provide power to the docked devices.

The example system 100 may optionally include a dongle 133. The dongle133 is docked in the device dock 104 in FIG. 1 or, in other embodiments,may be remote to the device dock 104 and/or the monitoring client 1. Thedongle 133 can provide a communications link or protocol for wirelessdevices not otherwise available. For example, as new wireless protocols,technologies, standards, and techniques become available with thepassage of time, the dongle 133 can be used to provide a bridge, router,or repeater between the new communications protocol and translate theinformation transmitted under one protocol to the other protocol so thatthe new protocol device can communicate with the patient-care devices 7,14, 15, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, the device dock 104, the communicationmodule 124D, the monitoring-client dock 102, the monitoring client 1, ahub 802 of FIG. 8, and/or other devices. The dongle 133 may retransmitthe data received from the new communications link using a wirelessprotocol, technology, standard, or technique used by any one or more ofthe patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, the devicedock 104, the communication module 124D, the monitoring-client dock 102,the monitoring client 1, the hub 802 of FIG. 8, and/or other devices ina format known or used by another one, such as, for example, themonitoring server 3 or the monitoring client 1. The dongle 133 may alsoprovide a communications bridge to cellular-based communications links,such as EVDO- or CDMA-based cellular systems.

In some embodiments, the dongle 133 may communicate patient-careparameters, e.g., patient-treatment parameters or patient-conditionparameters, from one or more patient-care devices and retransmit them tothe monitoring client 1, the hub 802 of FIG. 8, and/or the monitoringserver 3, and vice versa. Optionally, in some embodiments, the dongle133 may include a wired attachment connector, e.g., a RS-232 connector,and is connectable to a legacy device to provide communications from thelegacy device to one or more other patient-care devices, the monitoringclient 1, the hub 802 of FIG. 8, and/or the monitoring server 3, and thelike. The legacy device may be, for example, a legacy patient-caredevice, a legacy computing device, other device using a legacy wiredcommunications protocol, or the like.

Optionally, the system 100 may also include a wearable system monitor131 for monitoring the operation of various devices, docks, monitoringclients, and/or servers. A monitoring client 1, a remote communicator11, and/or a hub 802 of FIG. 8 may be used to program, interact with,and/or pair with the wearable system monitor 131. The wearable systemmonitor 131 may be worn by the patient 2 or by providers, and multiplewearable system monitors 131 may be used. The wearable system monitor131 can interrogate various devices to ensure their proper operation.For example, in one example embodiment, the wearable system monitor 131communicates with the patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128,130, the monitoring client 1, the monitoring-client dock 102, the devicedock 104, and/or the hub 802 of FIG. 8 to determine if any faults,errors, irregularities, data corruption, communication degradation,incomplete operation, slow operation, or other issues exists.

The communications from the wearable system monitor 131 may include oneor more interrogation signals to determine if the device beinginterrogated is functioning properly, is functioning withinpredetermined operating parameters, and/or is otherwise in a conditionor state that is undesirable. The system monitor 131 can communicate thedetected condition or error to one or more devices, such as to themonitoring server 3, the monitoring client 1 or the hub 802 of FIG. 8,to alert a provider, to initiate a shut-down procedure, and/or toinitiate other suitable remedial action directed to the malfunctioningdevice. For example, the system monitor 131 can use the transceiver ofthe communication module 124J for communicating with the monitoringclient 1, the monitoring server 3 via a WiFi-router coupled to thenetwork and/or the internet, other monitoring clients 4, other devicesconfigured with a communication module 124, or with the remotecommunicator 11 to signal an alert and/or alarm resulting from anabnormal or absent interrogation response. The alert and/or alarm maycause the device to audibly sound or visually indicate an alert and/oran alarm. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the systemmonitor 131 includes a call button (not explicitly shown) for allowingthe patient 2 to request a care provider, e.g., the request is routed tothe monitoring client 1 or the remote communicator 11 for visuallyand/or audibly indicating the request to the user in possession of thedevice.

The system monitor 131 can implement its functionality in various ways,including, for example: (1) anticipating a response to an interrogationwithin a predetermined amount of time; (2) incrementing a counter withinthe device being interrogated, and requesting the value of the counterfrom the device after being incremented; (3) a challenge-responseinterrogation; and/or (4) other system monitoring technique or method.

As previously mentioned, in some embodiments, the system monitor 131anticipates a response to an interrogation within a predetermined amountof time after interrogating a patient-care device paired to the systemmonitor 131. For example, the system monitor 131 may send a text-stringmessage to the infusion pump 7 of “system monitor interrogation.” Inthis example, the infusion pump 7 receives the message from the systemmonitor 131 labeled “system monitor interrogation,” and processes themessage using one or more processors therein. When the infusion pump 7processes the message, a software routine therein executes code thatsends a response message back to the system monitor 131; for example,the response message may be a text-string message of “system monitorresponse” that is sent to the system monitor 131. In this example, thesystem monitor 131 may expect to receive the response message within apredetermined amount of time, such as 2 seconds, which if the systemmonitor 131 does not receive the response message within 2 seconds, thesystem monitor 131 alarms and/or sends an alert to other devices (e.g.,the system monitor 131 may broadcast an alert or error message, or maycause can alarm or alert, audibly or visually, to be provided to thepossessor via the remote communicator 11).

As previously mentioned, in some embodiments, the system monitor 131causes a counter within the device being interrogated to increment andrequests the value of the counter from the device after beingincremented. For example, the system monitor 131 may send a request to apatient-care device, e.g., infusion pump 7, by sending it a message,such as “increment counter,” to the device. The device's processorreceives the “increment counter” message and reads a value from a memorylocation of the device, increments the value found in the memorylocation, and stores the new value in the same memory location byoverwriting the previous value. Thereafter, in this example, theprocessor reads the new value from the memory location and sends thatnew value to the system monitor 131, e.g., via a wireless transceiver onthe device being interrogated. The system monitor 131, in this example,will expect a certain value from the device being interrogated (thisexpected value may be stored in a memory of the system monitor, such as,for example, in a table). For example, the system monitor 131 may havestored within its memory that a value of 48 that was previously receivedfrom the device, and after requesting the value be updated within theinterrogated device, expects to receive a value of 49 from the device.

Also as previously mentioned, a challenge-response interrogation may beused by the system monitor 131. For example, the system monitor 131 maysend an encrypted message to a patient-care device. The patient-caredevice is then tasked to decrypt the message, e.g., using an encryptionkey, and send the message back to the system monitor 131. The systemmonitor 131 may expect the unencrypted message to return within apredetermined amount of time. In this example, if the system monitor 131does not receive the response message within the predetermined amount oftime, the system monitor 131 alarms and/or sends an alert to otherdevices (e.g., the system monitor 131 may broadcast an alert or alarmmessage and/or transmit them to the monitoring client 1, the monitoringserver 3, to the hub 802 of FIG. 8 or to the remote communicator 11,which in turn displays or audibly indicates the alert or alarm).

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the monitoring client 1 hasthe ability to communicate and interact directly with a health careprovider using a hand-held or portable remote communicator 11 (which canbe, for example, a Smartphone, a tablet computer, a PDA, a laptop, orother portable computing device). This may be accomplished wirelessly12, so that communications can be maintained regardless of the patient'slocation in the facility, or the provider's location either within oroutside the facility. In one aspect, information specific to the patient2 can be stored locally in the monitoring client 1, so that thepatient's health care provider can access the information directlywithout having to access the monitoring server 3.

In some embodiments, optionally, by incorporating appropriate safety andsecurity clearances, changes to the settings or flow parameters of aconnected infusion pump 7 or patient-monitoring device 14-17, 35, 126,128, 130, 148 can be accomplished directly between a provider'smonitoring client 11 and the monitoring client 1 (via wired or wirelesscommunications), with selected changes also being communicated to themonitoring server 3, and thence optionally to other appropriatelocations, such as the nursing station 5 and/or the pharmacy 6.Furthermore, any new order pertaining to the patient 2 may be entered inthe ordering provider's remote communicator 11 (e.g., Smartphone) andtransmitted to the monitoring client 1, which in turn can then notifythe care giver (e.g. a nurse, nurse practitioner, doctor, physician, orother health-care professional) via the care giver's own portablecommunicator 11. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, thenew order may also be communicated to the infusion pump 7 orpatient-monitoring device 14-17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148 such that thecontrol system therein or coupled thereto can change its operation,e.g., set point, in response to the new order. In some embodiments, anyinformation acquired and stored in the monitoring client 1 isperiodically uploaded to the monitoring server 3 and stored in apatient-specific database. Thus, if a patient's monitoring client 1 istaken out of service, a new device can be assigned to the patient 2 andquickly re-populated with the patient's current information from themonitoring server 3. Orders, medications, progress notes, monitoringdata, treatment data, patient-treatment parameters, patient-monitoringparameters, and/or operating parameters from the patient's attacheddevices may also be uploaded from the monitoring client 1 to thepatient's EHRs 19, any applicable remote communicators 11, the hub 802of FIG. 8 and/or the monitoring server 3 for permanent, temporary orephemeral storage, and/or for analysis to confirm it is in accordancewith predetermined criteria, e.g., ranges, threshold values, and thelike.

In some embodiments, the monitoring server 3 may comprise a computerthat can communicate with and provide some elements of control for anumber of monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 in the facility 8. The monitoringserver 3 may provide the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 with data extractedfrom a number of databases both within 8 and outside 9 of the facility.In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the monitoring server 3 caninterrogate the facility's EHR system 19 for targeted informationpertaining to a patient 2, and then populate that patient's monitoringclient 1 with a pre-defined set of information (such as, for example,the patient's age, height, weight, categories of diagnoses, currentmedications and medication categories, medication allergies andsensitivities, etc.). In accordance with one such example, themonitoring server 3 may establish a communication link to the EHR 19,laboratory 20, radiology 21, pharmacy 22, and/or other systems (such as,e.g., cardiology 23 or scheduling database 24) in the facility when, forexample, a monitoring client 1 has been assigned to a patient 2. With aunique patient identifier, the monitoring server 3 can obtain electronicaccess (permission) to receive and send patient-specific data from andto these systems. A predetermined (but selectable) subset of the datamay be downloadable into the monitoring client 1's memory (notexplicitly shown in FIG. 1).

The information thus acquired can then serve as a key database againstwhich new orders can be analyzed. Orders entered into a monitoringclient 1 can be checked for compatibility with the patient-specificinformation obtained by the monitoring server 3. Optionally, for safetyredundancy, orders entered remotely from a communicator 11 can beintercepted by the monitoring server 3 and similarly can be checked. Themonitoring server 3 may also obtain information from medicationdatabases residing in the facility's pharmacy 22 or externally 9 todetermine whether a new patient order may generate an incompatibilitywith a patient's existing medications, for example. In an embodiment ofthe present disclosure, the monitoring server 3 may be programmed toaccess publicly available internet sites 25 to determine whether newinformation pertaining to the patient's ordered medication should bedownloaded and transmitted 13 in an alert or alarm to the patient'shealth care provider(s). The monitoring server 3 may also routeinformation between remote portable communicators 11 and a patient'smonitoring client 1.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the patient's physician,nurse or pharmacist may have access to the patient's monitoring client 1to relay or receive new orders (such as medication orders, for example)pertaining to the patient 2. The monitoring client 1 or server 3 maythen log the new order and relay the request to the pharmacist 6, andthe patient's nurse via the nurse's portable communicator 11 and/or viaa fixed terminal at the nursing station 5. A ‘smart phone’ having acustomized communications application with the monitoring client 1 (suchas, e.g., a Google's Nexus One phone, Apple's iPhone, or RIM'sBlackberry OS, among others) may serve as a convenient portablecommunicator 11 for providers who are not at a fixed location (such asat an office or remote nursing station). A tablet PC, netbook, or laptopcomputer may also serve as a convenient portable communicator 11 forboth portable and fixed locations. A PC may act as a convenientcommunication device 11 for fixed or desktop locations. If a provider islocated in the patient's room, he or she may enter or receiveinformation pertaining to the patient 2 using a direct input through akeyboard or touch screen on the monitoring client 1.

A monitoring client 1 can receive, process, and transmit informationabout a specific patient 2 to which it has been assigned or designated.The monitoring client 1 can most conveniently be attachable or dockableto the monitoring-client dock 102 to communicate with the infusion pump7, or any other device to which the patient 2 may be connected orassociated. The monitoring client 1 can be a hand-held device about thesize of a wireless phone or tablet-style netbook, for example.Conveniently, it may have a touch screen interface for use by thepatient's provider. It may also be capable of providing output to alarger stationary display in the patient's room or at a nursing station5 or other convenient location, either through a wired or wirelessconnection. Each monitoring client 1 may communicate with a centralmonitoring server 3, through which it can access patient data from thefacility's EHR database 19, a laboratory database 20, a radiologydatabase 21, a pharmacy database 22, or other databases in various otherfacility departments. In some cases, the monitoring client 1 can uploadinformation it receives from patient monitoring devices 14-17 or fromprovider inputs to the patient's EHR 19 via the Monitoring Server 3.Monitoring clients 1,4 may also receive information from databasesoutside of the facility through a monitoring server 3 having an internetconnection 25. Various external databases 9 may thus be accessible,including various drug information databases and alert networks dealingwith adverse medication-related events.

The monitoring server 3 could be arranged, for example, to managevarious levels of external database information helpful in keeping themonitoring client 1 contents as up-to-date as possible. This can beaccomplished, for example, by comparing safety and drug informationrelated to the patient as it becomes available, and prioritizing forupdates/downloads on a data transfer schedule. The monitoring clients1,4 may also communicate either directly or through the monitoringserver 3 with portable communicators 11 used by health care providerssuch as nurses, physicians and pharmacists. In some cases, these devicescan have wired connections to the monitoring server 3 (if used, forexample, in fixed locations such as hospital pharmacies or nursingstations). In other cases, a portable communicator 11 may communicatewith the monitoring server 3 through secure internet connections (e.g.,a VPN-based internet connections, UPN, Https, a private key mechanism,etc.) using a computer and a wired or wireless (e.g., Bluetooth or WiFi802.11) connection 13 with the device 11. Alternatively, a hand-heldremote communicator 11 (such as a smart-phone or tablet netbook) maycommunicate directly 12 with the facility's monitoring client 1 via acellular telephone network and/or the facility may include a privatecell network that may include a WiFi network (e.g., 2.4 GHz to 2.4835GHz unlicensed ISM band, for example).

In some embodiments, the communication link between the monitoringclients 1,4 and the monitoring server 3 may exist via an Ethernetnetwork if widely available in the facility, or via wirelesstransmission using one of a number of standards, linking all thepatient-specific monitoring clients 1,4 with the central monitoringserver 3. The server 3 may then serve as a relay for communications withother facility servers 8, with the web-based servers 25, and with insideand outside portable communicators 11 carried by medical care providers.In some embodiments, a wireless network provides the additionalfunctionality of being able to communicate with the monitoring server 3no matter where in the facility the patient 2 may be.

One method of blanketing an entire facility with wireless coverageinvolves having the facility obtain a license for a private cell-phonenetwork. It may obtain or lease one or more micro-cellular frequenciesto provide for a local communications network throughout the facility.This arrangement can preserve communications when patients and theirmonitoring clients 1,4 are moved from one location to another within thefacility, maintaining communications with a monitoring server 3, variousin-hospital and out-of-hospital databases 8, 25, and users at fixedstations (e.g., in some embodiments, the nursing station 5 and thepharmacy 6) or with a monitoring client 11 (e.g., mobile smart-phone,laptop or tablet-type devices) either inside or outside the hospital. Insome embodiments, this type of system provides additional security via alicensed cellular communications infrastructure. In addition, in someembodiments, an active wireless system can monitor the intensity of usein an area and direct additional channel frequencies to that area.However, in some embodiments, the bandwidth capacity of the network maynot allow for efficient transmission of large data files, such as thosecontaining radiology images, for example. Such bandwidth-heavy datafiles can be communicated more efficiently via wired connections.

Alternatively or additionally, a hospital may implement an internet- orintranet-based communications system, in which an 802.11 WiFi-typeprotocol is used for wireless communications between individualmonitoring clients 1,4 and the monitoring server 3. To ensure adequatesignal reception throughout the facility, a broadband antenna may bemounted on the roof of the building to collect cell phone signals fromlocal wireless phone companies. A fiber-optic or cable network may thendistribute the signals throughout the facility. Additionally oralternatively, the monitoring server 3 may use the private cell-phonenetwork mentioned above. Such systems typically allow for provisioningof secure communications, and are capable of efficiently communicatinglarge files, such as, for example, radiology images stored in theradiology database 21. Home or office-based users may be able to connectto the hospital server through, for example, VPN or other secure accessusing wired or fiber-optic cable, or a DSL phone line. Data encryptionmay be used to provide patient data security. In some applications itmay be advantageous to implement an asymmetric bandwidth communicationsnetwork in order to optimize infrastructure capabilities. An example ofthis would be using licensed cellular frequencies in the “upstream”direction from the monitoring client 1 to the monitoring server 3 andthe unlicensed 802.11 WiFi frequencies in the “downstream” directionfrom the monitoring server 3 to the monitoring client 1. In thisexample, the upstream bandwidth and data rate requirements arerelatively small compared to the downstream requirements. In lowpriority upstream transmissions, the monitoring client 1 may allow datato be sent over a more distributed and cost-efficient network, such as,for example, a ZigBee network, a Bluetooth network, a mesh network, orthe like.

As previously mentioned, communications between various monitoringdevices, such as patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, and themonitoring client 1 may be achieved in a cost effective manner using,for example, a ZigBee wireless mesh network and/or a Bluetooth network.Exemplary monitoring devices include ECG monitors 14, blood pressuremonitors 15, pulse oximeters/capnometers 16, thermometers, and weightscales, among others. A common characteristic of most of these devicesis that they provide periodic readouts of a single or small number ofparameters. An intra-hospital device communications system such as thewireless mesh network provides for low-power digital radio connectivityamong devices, and may employ a widely available, license-free frequencyband (e.g., 2.4 GHz in some jurisdictions). High-level communicationsprotocols may be employed to ensure data fidelity and security, such as,for example, TCP, UDP, and the like. For example, symmetrical encryptionkeys may be used to secure communications between the monitoring clientand patient-care devices, such as those generated for the encryptionalgorithms of Twofish, Serpent, AES (Rijndael), Blowfish, CAST5, RC4,3DES, IDEA, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, various dataintegrity techniques may be used, for example, CRC, odd parity-bitchecking, or even parity-bit checking, and the like.

Mesh networks are highly scalable, allowing many devices to be used on asingle self-forming, self-healing mesh network. Devices connected to thenetwork may communicate with one another and serve as repeaters totransfer data. Mesh network may be relatively low cost, scalable andmobile for the patient being monitored. In some embodiments, thewireless range for devices linked to the wireless mesh network canapproach 70 meters from each node of the system inside a facility. Asimilar network may be used in providing a wireless link within thefacility between portable communicators 11 carried by health careproviders and their assigned patients through the patients' monitoringclients 1,4.

In many cases, the information being transmitted to the monitoringclient 1 may include a single parameter value (such as, for example,blood pressure) and a time stamp. The monitoring client 1 can beprogrammed to determine whether the value is outside a predeterminedrange, record the value in the patient's EHR 19, and notify theappropriate provider via their monitoring client 11. Furthermore, thenetwork may enable bidirectional communications, and may allow themonitoring client 1 to query the patient-monitoring device (e.g., BPmonitor 15), instructing it to take an unscheduled reading. This can beuseful, for example, when an abnormal reading is received, and itsauthenticity needs to be verified. The monitoring client 1 may beprogrammed to request a repeat reading to verify the abnormal reading.In a further embodiment, the monitoring client 1 may be programmed tointerrupt or adjust the infusion pump 7 flow rate, operating parameter,and/or treatment parameter depending on the value of the readingreceived from a monitoring device 14-17. For example, if the BP monitor15 indicates a blood pressure below a predetermined acceptable range,the monitoring client 1 may be programmed to instruct the infusion pump7 to stop the infusion, and it can transmit an urgent notification 12 tothe health care provider(s)′ monitoring clients 11. In anotherembodiment, if the infusion pump 7 is capable of determining the volumeof fluid being delivered to the patient 2 (e.g., the flow rate or thecumulative amount of fluid pumped during an interval), a processor inthe monitoring client 1 may track the cumulative volume delivered andestimate the amount of fluid remaining in the medication bag 170.(Alternatively, a processor in the monitoring client 1 or infusion pump7 may calculate the volume delivered from the infusion rate and elapsedtime of infusion).

Once the estimated residual volume reaches a predetermined amount, themonitoring client 1 may signal the infusion pump 7 to reduce its flowrate to keep the patient's IV access 35 from running dry. For example,the monitoring client 1 may determine that a nurse is scheduled toreturn at a specific time to change the bag, and rather than alarmingand/or sending an alarm that the IV fluid will run out prior to thenurse's scheduled return, the monitoring client 1 may signal theinfusion pump 7 to slow the infusion rate such that the IV bag will runout when the nurse arrives or after a predetermined amount of time fromthe nurse's scheduled return time. It may also send a notification tothe nurse's monitoring client 11, recommending replenishment of the IVbag 17.

In some embodiments, the operation of a patient-care device progressesis indicated by an outer border on a display of the monitoring client 1to show the status and/or progress of the patient-care device. Forexample, an outer border will be display on the monitoring client 1 suchthat a percentage of the border that lights up (e.g., starts to form afully filled outer periphery as the border fills in) to indicate theprogress of a treatment being performed by a patient-care device, suchas the infusion pump 7. The border may be transmitted in image format(e.g., JPEG, BMP, etc.) to the monitoring 1 from the infusion pump 7and/or as a percentage completed to the monitoring client 1, in whichcase the monitoring client 1 generates the border.

In some embodiments, a GPS and/or a ranging module (e.g., ultrasonicranging module using time-of-flight estimations) may be installed on theinfusion pump 7, the monitoring client 1, a caregiver, and/or a patient.Predetermined settings may require that a predetermined group of theinfusion pump 7, the monitoring client 1, the hub 802 of FIG. 8, thecaregiver, and/or the patient must, in this specific embodiment, be in apredetermined distance relative to each other prior to startingtreatment and/or prior to configuring one of the infusion pump 7 and/orthe monitoring client 1.

In some embodiments, a patient-care device 7, 170, 126, 128, 130, 14,15, 16, 17, 124, or 148, a dock 102 or 104, a monitoring client 1, thehub 802 of FIG. 8 may send a soft alarm, hard alarm, and/or non-criticalalarms to the remote communicator 11 without alarming on the device thatissues the alarm and/or on the monitoring client 1 until after apredetermined amount of times has passed (to allow a caregiver to find asolution to remove the cause of the alarm without disturbing a patient,for example). If the cause of the alarm is removed prior to thepredetermined amount of time, the device that issues the alarm and/or onthe monitoring client 1 may not alarm thereby avoiding an additionaldisturbance of the patient.

In some embodiments, the AC cable of FIG. 1 includes clips such that IVtubes can be clipped thereto.

In some embodiments, the infusion pump 7 includes status LED lightsindicating one or more of: safety-checks have passed; the pump isflowing; there is an occlusion; and/or the pump is being disconnected).A user can use the monitoring client 1 to read a bar code on the IV bag170 (e.g., using the camera 144 or the camera 136, and/or the scanner120) at which time an LED over a plug may flash to indicate to the userthat the tube connected to the IV bag 170 should be inserted therein.

In some embodiments, each item, component, device, patient-care device,dock, and computing device, numbered or unnumbered, as shown in FIG. 1or described therewith is optional. For example, in some embodiments,the monitoring client 1 is optional, the monitoring server 3 isoptional, the facility services 8 is optional, each of the services 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24 is optional, the cloud server 25 is optional, each ofthe other monitoring clients 4 is optional, the online drug databases 9is optional, the drug adverse event network is optional, the patient'spersonal EHR 19′ is optional, and/or the treatment outcomes database 10is optional. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, each ofthe patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148 isoptional. Likewise, each of the system monitor 131, the wrist band 118,the RFID 116, the barcode 114, the scanner 120, the display 134, and/orAC power, is optional in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Additionally, in some embodiments, although some items, components,devices, patient-care devices, docks, and computing devices, numbered orunnumbered, as shown in FIG. 1 or described therewith are shown as beingthe sole item, component, device, patient-care device, dock or computingdevice, multiple items, components, devices, patient-care devices, docksand computing devices, are contemplated; for example, although a singleinfusion pump 7 is shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, two infusionpumps 7 may be used, multiple infusion pumps 7 may be used, or anyarbitrary number of infusion pumps 7 may be used. Additionally oralternatively, in some embodiments, multiple device docks 104 and/ormultiple monitoring-client docks 102 may be used.

Additionally or alternatively, although particular patient-care devices7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 126, 128, 130, 148 are shown, other combinations,subsets, multiple ones of a particular patient-care device, orcombinations thereof may be used. For example, in some embodiments, onlyan infusion pump 7 is used of the patient-care devices, and, in thisspecific example, the other patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 126,128, 130, 148 may be disabled, may not be present or available forsystem use, may be turned off, or may not be part of system 100 ofFIG. 1. Additionally or alternatively, in some specific embodiments,only the patient-care devices used are dockable to the device dock 104;for example, in this specific embodiment, the infusion pump 7 is theonly device docked into the device dock 102 and the device dock 102 onlyreceives one device, e.g., the infusion pump 7. Additionally,alternatively, or optionally, in some specific embodiments, thepatient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, aredockable, may operate undocked, and/or may not be dockable and canoperate as a stand-alone patient-care device.

In some embodiments, the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35,126, 128, 130, and/or 148, the monitoring client 1, the remotecommunicator 11, and docks 102 and/or 104 may include a secure dataclass, e.g., via an API.

Any function described with reference to FIG. 1, may be performed by thehub 802 of FIG. 8, in some embodiments.

FIG. 2 shows a flow chart diagram illustrating a method 150 formaintaining communications between a monitoring client, e.g., themonitoring client 1 of FIG. 1, and one or more of patient-care devices,e.g., one or more of the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35 126,128, 130, 148 of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. The method 150 of this example includes acts 152-169. Themonitoring client 1 may display an icon indicating when communicationsare established to the paired and/or designated patient-care devices.The monitoring client 1 may check to determine that communications withthe paired and/or designated patient-care devices is available atpredetermined intervals, and if communications to a paired or designatedpatient-care device is unavailable for a predetermined amount of time,the monitoring client 1 may sound an alarm or alert.

Act 152 determines if the monitoring-client dock is available as acommunications link between the monitoring client and themonitoring-client dock through a dock connector. If the communicationslink of act 152 is available, the method 150 continues to act 154,otherwise the method 150 continues to act 156.

Act 156 determines if the monitoring-client dock is available as acommunications link between the monitoring-client and themonitoring-client dock through a wireless link. If the link of act 156is available, the method 150 continues to act 154, otherwise, the method150 continues to act 158.

Act 154 determines if the monitoring-client dock is available as acommunications link between the monitoring-client dock and a device dockusing a cable. If the communications link of act 154 is available, themethod 150 continues to act 160, otherwise, the method 150 continues tothe act 158. The act 160 determines if the device dock is available as acommunications link between the device dock and the patient-care device,e.g., through a wireless or wired communications link. If thecommunications link of act 160 is available, the method 150 continues tothe act 166, otherwise, the method 150 continues to the act 162. The act162 determines if the patient-care device is available as acommunications link between the monitoring-client and a patient-caredevice dock through a direct wireless link. If the communications linkof act 162 is available, the method continues to act 166, otherwise, themethod 150 continues to act 164.

Act 158 determines if the device dock is available as a communicationslink between the monitoring client and the device dock through awireless link. If the communications link of act 158 is not available,the method 150 continues to act 162, otherwise, the method 150 continuesto act 160.

Act 166 attempts a handshake between the monitoring client and thepatient-care device using the available communications link. Inalternative embodiments, no handshaking is used; for example, not allprotocols use handshaking between communication endpoints. Decision act168 determines if the handshake of act 166 was successful. If thedecision act 168 determines the handshake of act 166 was unsuccessful,then act 164 determines that communication with the patient device isunavailable and/or method 150 attempts to establish communications usingother links (not explicitly shown). Otherwise, if decision act 168determines the handshake of act 166 was successful, act 169 communicatesdata using a sufficient number of communications links determined to beavailable by method 150.

Method 150 is an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosuredescribing a method of maintaining communications between a monitoringclient and one or more patient-care devices. In some embodiments,although method 150 includes a schedule of communications links, otherschedules may be used, broadcasting, anycast, multicast or unicast maybe used, routing algorithms may be used, a distance-vector routingprotocol may be used, a link-state routing protocol may be used, anoptimized link state routing protocol may be used, a path-vectorprotocol may be used, static routing with predefined alternativecommunications paths may be used, and/or adaptive networking may beused. For example, in some embodiments of the present disclosure,weights may be assigned to each communications path and Dijkstra'sAlgorithm may be used to communicate between the monitoring client 1 andone or more patient-care devices; the weights may be determined in anyknown way, including as a function of bandwidth, signal quality,bit-error rate, may be linear to the available data throughput orlatency, and/or the like.

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an electronicpatient-care system 300 having two docks 102, 104 for wirelesscommunications therebetween in accordance with another embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The system 300 is similar to the system 100 of FIG.1; however, the communications between the monitoring-client dock 102and the device dock 104 are through a wireless link. For example, insome embodiments, system 300 of FIG. 3 may be system 100 of FIG. 1 withthe cable 110 of FIG. 1 absent or non-operative; additionally oralternatively, system 300 of FIG. 3 may have docks 102 and 104 that arenot connectable together using a cable.

Optionally, the monitoring client 1, other monitoring client 4, and/orthe remote communicator 11 may be used to send commands or requests topatient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148 such asfor example, a bolus amount, an infusion flow rate, a total fluid fordelivery, a start time for drug delivery, a stop time for drug deliveryor a flow-delivery-rate profile to the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump126 and/or the microinfusion pump 130. In some embodiments, one or moreof the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may be used to send commands orrequests to the pill dispenser 128, such as, for example, a pilldispense command to dispense a pill, a pill-type, a pill dispensingschedule, and/or a max pill-dispensing criteria. The max pill-dispensingcriteria may be a maximum amount of a medication that may be deliveredwithin a predetermined interval of time; for example, certainmedications are taken as needed (i.e., pro re nata), however, themedication may not be safe if taken in excess and the maxpill-dispensing criteria may prevent the medication from being taken atunsafe levels by the patient, e.g., a predetermined amount during apredetermined interval of time.

In some embodiments, the remote communicator 11 may be used to initiatetwo-way audio/visual communications between the remote communicator 11and the monitoring client 1 (e.g., a video call). Additionally oralternatively, the monitoring client 1 may be used to initiate two-wayaudio/visual communications between the monitoring client 1 and themonitoring client remote communicator 11.

Optionally, the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128,130, 148 may also communicate data back to the monitoring client 1, theother monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11 for:determining if an alarm or alert should be issued or sent; determiningif the treatment or condition is safe for the patient; determining ifthe system 300 is operating properly or within predetermined bounds;and/or for displaying the data on a display of the monitoring client 1,the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11. Forexample, optionally, the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, and/orthe microinfusion pump 130 may communicate (where applicable): upstreampressure; changes in upstream pressure; pressure downstream to thepatient 2; changes in pressure downstream to the patient 2; the presenceor absence of air within an infusion line; an actual bolus amountdelivered; an actual infusion flow rate; an actual total fluiddelivered; an actual start time for drug delivery; an actual stop timefor drug delivery; or an actual flow-delivery-rate profile to one ormore of the monitoring client 1, the other monitoring client 4 and/orthe remote communicator 11. In another embodiment, the pill dispenser128 may optionally communicate data back to the monitoring client 1, theother monitoring client 4, and/or the remote communicator 11, such asfor example, an actual pill dispensed, an actual pill-type dispensed, anactual pill dispensing schedule as dispensed, or whether or not a maxpill-dispensing criteria was exceeded.

The data received from the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35,126, 128, 130, 148 may be analyzed for any predefined conditions toissue an alarm and/or an alert. For example, one or more of themonitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may use an increase in pressure downstreamof the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126 and/or the microinfusionpump 130 to be an indication of one of: excessive clotting,infiltration, occlusion or kinking of the tubing to the patient; orocclusion by other material within the IV bag 170. In response to thesudden increase in downstream pressure, one or more of the monitoringclients 1, 4, 11 may visually or audibly alarm or alert a user.Additionally or alternatively, a sudden decrease in pressure downstreamto the patient 2 may be an indication that the tubing has becomedetached from the needle and/or the needle is now out of the patient;and, in response, one or more of the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 mayvisually or audibly alarm or alert a user. One or more of the monitoringclients 1, 4, 11 may, optionally, send a command to one or more of theinfusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, and/or the microinfusion pump 130to stop delivery of fluid in response to the sudden increase and/ordecrease of pressure downstream to the patient 2.

In some embodiments, each item, component, device, patient-care device,dock, and computing device, numbered or unnumbered, as shown in FIG. 3or described therewith is optional. For example, in some embodiments,the monitoring client 1 is optional, the monitoring server 3 isoptional, the facility services 8 is optional, each of the services 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24 is optional, the cloud server 25 is optional, each ofthe other monitoring clients 4 is optional, the online drug databases 9is optional, the drug adverse event network is optional, the patient'spersonal EHR 19′ is optional, and/or the treatment outcomes database 10is optional. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, each ofthe patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148 isoptional. Likewise, each of the system monitor 131, the wrist band 118,the RFID 116, the barcode 114, the scanner 120, the display 134, and/orAC power, is optional in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Additionally, in some embodiments, although some items, components,devices, patient-care devices, docks, and computing devices, numbered orunnumbered, as shown in FIG. 3 or described therewith are shown as beingthe sole item, component, device, patient-care device, dock or computingdevice, multiple items, components, devices, patient-care devices, docksand computing devices, are contemplated; for example, although a singleinfusion pump 7 is shown in FIG. 3, in some embodiments, two infusionpumps 7 may be used, multiple infusion pumps 7 may be used, or anyarbitrary number of infusion pumps 7 may be used. Additionally oralternatively, in some embodiments, multiple device docks 104 and/ormultiple monitoring-client docks 102 may be used.

Additionally or alternatively, although particular patient-care devices7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 126, 128, 130, 148 are shown, other combinations,subsets, multiple ones of a particular patient-care device, orcombinations thereof may be used. For example, in some embodiments, onlyan infusion pump 7 is used of the patient-care devices, and, in thisspecific example, the other patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 126,128, 130, 148 may be disabled, may not be present or available forsystem use, may be turned off, or may not be part of system 300 of FIG.3. Additionally or alternatively, in some specific embodiments, only thepatient-care devices used are dockable to the device dock 104; forexample, in one specific embodiment, the infusion pump 7 is the onlydevice docked into the device dock 102 and the device dock 102 onlyreceives one device, e.g., the infusion pump 7. Additionally,alternatively, or optionally, in some specific embodiments, thepatient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, aredockable, may operate undocked, and/or may not be dockable and canoperate as a stand-alone patient-care device.

In FIG. 3, although the device dock 104 is shows as being capable ofreceiving several patient-care devices, in other embodiments, the devicedock 104 can receive one patient-care device, a plurality ofpatient-care devices, or any arbitrary number of patient-care devices.Also, bays of a dock may be unused, for example, as shown in FIG. 3,empty bay 170 is shown in device dock 104. Additionally, although themonitoring-client dock 102 is shown as be capable of receiving onemonitoring client 1, in other embodiments, the monitoring-client dock102 can receive two monitoring clients 1, more than two monitoringclients 1, or any arbitrary number of monitoring clients 1.

FIG. 4 shows a flow chart diagram illustrating a method 202 formaintaining communications between a monitoring client, e.g., themonitoring client 1, and one or more of devices, e.g., the patient-caredevices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35 126, 128, 130, 148 of FIG. 3 in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Act 204 determines if the monitoring-client dock is available as acommunications link between the monitoring client and themonitoring-client dock through a dock connector. If the communicationslink of act 204 is available, the method 202 continues to act 206,otherwise the method 202 continues to act 208. Act 208 determines if themonitoring-client dock is available as a communications link between themonitoring client and the monitoring-client dock through a wirelesslink. If the communications link of act 208 is available, the method 202continues to act 206, otherwise, the method 202 continues to act 210.

Act 206 determines if the monitoring-client dock is available as acommunications link between the monitoring-client dock and a device dockthrough a wireless link. If the communications link of act 206 isavailable, the method 202 continues to act 212, otherwise, the method202 continues to act 210.

Act 210 determines if the device dock is available as a communicationslink between the monitoring client and the device dock through awireless link. If the communications link of act 210 is available, themethod 202 continues to act 212, otherwise, the method 202 continues toact 214.

Act 212 determines if the device dock is available as a communicationslink between the device dock and the patient-care device. If thecommunications link of act 212 is available, then method 202 continuesto act 216, otherwise, the method 202 continues to act 214.

Act 214 determines if the patient-care device is available as acommunications link between the monitoring client and the patient-caredevice through a direct wireless link. If the communications link of act214 is available, the method 202 continues to act 216, otherwise, act218 determines that communication with the patient-care device isunavailable.

Act 216 attempts a handshake between the monitoring client and thepatient-care device using the available communications link(s). Inalternative embodiments, no handshake is attempted; for example, somecommunication protocols do not utilize handshaking. Decision act 220determines if the handshake was successful and communications betweenthe monitoring client and the device have been established. If act 220determines a communications link has been established, the method 202communicates data between the monitoring client and the device duringact 222 using the available communications link(s). If decision act 220determines the handshake was not successful, either method 202determines that communication with the device is unavailable in act 218or method 202 attempts communications between the monitoring clientthrough untried communication links (not explicitly shown).

Method 202 is an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosuredescribing a method of maintaining communications between a monitoringclient and one or more patient-care devices. In some embodiments,although method 202 includes a schedule of communications links, otherschedules may be used, broadcasting, anycast, multicast or unicast maybe used, routing algorithms may be used, a distance-vector routingprotocol may be used, a link-state routing protocol may be used, anoptimized link state routing protocol may be used, a path-vectorprotocol may be used, static routing with predefined alternativecommunications paths may be used, and/or adaptive networking may beused. For example, in some embodiments of the present disclosure,weights may be assigned to each communications path and Dijkstra'sAlgorithm may be used to communicate between the monitoring client 1 andone or more patient-care devices; the weights may be determined in anyknown way, including as a function of bandwidth, signal quality,bit-error rate, may be linear to the available data throughput orlatency, and/or the like.

Referring now the FIG. 5, an electronic patient-care system 500 in blockdiagram form is shown having a dock 502 for docking together amonitoring client 1 and various patient-care devices (e.g., patient-caredevices 7, 126, 128, or 130), a communication module 124D, and a dongle133 in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.The electronic patient-care system 500 of FIG. 5 is similar to theelectronic patient-care system 100 of FIG. 1; however, each of themonitoring client 1, the patient-care devices 7, 126, 128, 130, acommunication module 124D, and a dongle 133 are all dockable to a dock502. As will be appreciated in light of this disclosure, the dock 502may include one or more buses, backplanes, communications paths,electronic circuitry, and the like to facilitate communications.

Optionally, the monitoring client 1, other monitoring client 4, and/orthe remote communicator 11 may be used to send commands or requests topatient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148 such asfor example, a bolus amount, an infusion flow rate, a total fluid fordelivery, a start time for drug delivery, a stop time for drug deliveryor a flow-delivery-rate profile to the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump126 and/or the microinfusion pump 130. In some embodiments, one or moreof the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may be used to send commands orrequests to the pill dispenser 128, such as, for example, a pilldispense command to dispense a pill, a pill-type, a pill dispensingschedule, and/or a max pill-dispensing criteria. The max pill-dispensingcriteria may be a maximum amount of a medication that may be deliveredwithin a predetermined interval of time; for example, certainmedications are taken as needed (i.e., pro re nata), however, themedication may not be safe if taken in excess and the maxpill-dispensing criteria may prevent the medication from being taken atunsafe levels by the patient, e.g., a predetermined amount during apredetermined interval of time.

Optionally, the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128,130, 148 may also communicate data back to the monitoring client 1, theother monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11 for:determining if an alarm or alert should be issued or sent; determiningif the treatment or condition is safe for the patient; determining ifthe system 500 is operating properly or within predetermined bounds;and/or for displaying the data on a display of the monitoring client 1,the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11. Forexample, optionally, the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, and/orthe microinfusion pump 130 may communicate (where applicable): upstreampressure; changes in upstream pressure; pressure downstream to thepatient 2; changes in pressure downstream to the patient 2; the presenceor absence of air within an infusion line; an actual bolus amountdelivered; an actual infusion flow rate; an actual total fluiddelivered; an actual start time for drug delivery; an actual stop timefor drug delivery; or an actual flow-delivery-rate profile to one ormore of the monitoring client 1, the other monitoring client 4 and/orthe remote communicator 11. In another embodiment, the pill dispenser128 may optionally communicate data back to the monitoring client 1, theother monitoring client 4, and/or the remote communicator 11, such asfor example, an actual pill dispensed, an actual pill-type dispensed, anactual pill dispensing schedule as dispensed, or whether or not a maxpill-dispensing criteria was exceeded.

The data received from the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35,126, 128, 130, 148 may be analyzed for any predefined conditions toissue an alarm and/or an alert. For example, one or more of themonitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may use an increase in pressure downstreamof the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126 and/or the microinfusionpump 130 to be an indication of one of: excessive clotting,infiltration, occlusion or kinking of the tubing to the patient; orocclusion by other material within the IV bag 170. In response to thesudden increase in downstream pressure, one or more of the monitoringclients 1, 4, 11 may visually or audibly alarm or alert a user.Additionally or alternatively, a sudden decrease in pressure downstreamto the patient 2 may be an indication that the tubing has becomedetached from the needle and/or the needle is now out of the patient;and, in response, one or more of the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 mayvisually or audibly alarm or alert a user. One or more of the monitoringclients 1, 4, 11 may, optionally, send a command to one or more of theinfusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, and/or the microinfusion pump 130to stop delivery of fluid in response to the sudden increase and/ordecrease of pressure downstream to the patient 2.

In some embodiments, each item, component, device, patient-care device,dock, and computing device, numbered or unnumbered, as shown in FIG. 5or described therewith is optional. For example, in some embodiments,the monitoring client 1 is optional, the monitoring server 3 isoptional, the facility services 8 is optional, each of the services 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24 is optional, the cloud server 25 is optional, each ofthe other monitoring clients 4 is optional, the online drug databases 9is optional, the drug adverse event network is optional, the patient'spersonal EHR 19′ is optional, and/or the treatment outcomes database 10is optional. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, each ofthe patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148 isoptional. Likewise, each of the system monitor 131, the wrist band 118,the RFID 116, the barcode 114, the scanner 120, the display 134, and/orAC power, is optional in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Additionally, in some embodiments, although some items, components,devices, patient-care devices, docks, and computing devices, numbered orunnumbered, as shown in FIG. 5 or described therewith are shown as beingthe sole item, component, device, patient-care device, dock or computingdevice, multiple items, components, devices, patient-care devices, docksand computing devices, are contemplated; for example, although a singleinfusion pump 7 is shown in FIG. 5, in some embodiments, two infusionpumps 7 may be used, multiple infusion pumps 7 may be used, or anyarbitrary number of infusion pumps 7 may be used. Additionally oralternatively, in some embodiments, multiple docks 502 may be used.

Additionally or alternatively, although particular patient-care devices7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 126, 128, 130, 148 are shown, other combinations,subsets, multiple ones of a particular patient-care device, orcombinations thereof may be used. For example, in some embodiments, onlyan infusion pump 7 is used of the patient-care devices, and, in thisspecific example, the other patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 126,128, 130, 148 may be disabled, may not be present or available forsystem use, may be turned off, or may not be part of system 500 of FIG.5. Additionally or alternatively, in some specific embodiments, only thepatient-care devices used are dockable to the dock 502; for example, inone specific embodiment, the infusion pump 7 is the only device dockedinto the device dock 102 and the device dock 102 only receives onedevice, e.g., the infusion pump 7. Additionally, alternatively, oroptionally, in some specific embodiments, the patient-care devices 7,14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, are dockable, may operateundocked, and/or may not be dockable and can operate as a stand-alonepatient-care device.

In FIG. 5, although the dock 502 is shows as being capable of receivingseveral patient-care devices, in other embodiments, the dock 502 canreceive one patient-care device, a plurality of patient-care devices, orany arbitrary number of patient-care devices. Also, bays of a dock maybe unused, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, empty bay 170 is shown indock 502. Additionally, although the dock 502 is shown as be capable ofreceiving one monitoring client 1, in other embodiments, the dock 502can receive two monitoring clients 1, more than two monitoring clients1, or any arbitrary number of monitoring clients 1.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method 304 for maintainingcommunications between a monitoring client, e.g., the monitoring client1 of FIG. 5, and one more patient-care devices, e.g., patient caredevices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35 126, 128, 130, 148 of FIG. 5 in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure.

The method determines if the dock is available as a communications linkbetween the monitoring client and the dock through a dock connectorduring act 306. If the communications link of act 306 is not available,method 304 continues to act 308, otherwise, the method 304 continues toact 310. Act 310 determines if the dock is available as a communicationslink between the dock and the patient-care device. If the communicationslink of act 310 is not available, the method 304 continues to act 312,otherwise, the method 304 continues to act 314.

Act 308 determines if the dock is available as a communications linkbetween the monitoring client and the dock through a wireless link. Ifthe communications link of act 308 is available, the method 304continues to act 310, otherwise, the method 304 continues to act 312.

Act 312 determines if the patient-care device is available as acommunications link between the monitoring client and the patient-caredevice through a direct wireless link. If the communications link of act312 is unavailable, act 316 determines that communication between themonitoring client and the patient-care device is unavailable.

Act 314 attempts a handshake between the monitoring client and thedevice using the available communications link(s). In alternativeembodiments, no handshaking is utilized; for example, some protocols donot employ handshaking. Decision act 318 determines if the handshake wassuccessful, and if it was successful, method 304 continues to act 320 tocommunicate data using the available communications link(s). If thedecision act 318 determines the handshake was unsuccessful in act 314,act 316 determines that communication with the device is unavailable. Inother embodiments, if decision act 318 determines the handshake wasunsuccessful in act 314, method 304 attempts to communicate with thepatient-care device via untried communications links (not explicitlyshown).

Method 304 is an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosuredescribing a method of maintaining communications between a monitoringclient and one or more patient-care devices. In some embodiments,although method 304 includes a schedule of communications links, otherschedules may be used, broadcasting, anycast, multicast or unicast maybe used, routing algorithms may be used, a distance-vector routingprotocol may be used, a link-state routing protocol may be used, anoptimized link state routing protocol may be used, a path-vectorprotocol may be used, static routing with predefined alternativecommunications paths may be used, and/or adaptive networking may beused. For example, in some embodiments of the present disclosure,weights may be assigned to each communications path and Dijkstra'sAlgorithm may be used to communicate between the monitoring client 1 andone or more patient-care devices; the weights may be determined in anyknown way, including as a function of bandwidth, signal quality,bit-error rate, may be linear to the available data throughput orlatency, and/or the like.

Turning now to FIG. 7, a block diagram is shown of an electronicpatient-care system 700 having a monitoring client 1 with an integrateddock 702 for docking patient-care devices 7, 126, 128, 130 thereto inaccordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.Additionally in some embodiments, a communication module 124D, and adongle 133 are all dockable to the dock 702. The patient-care system 700of FIG. 7 is similar to the patient-care system 100 of FIG. 1; however,the patient-care system 700 includes the integrated dock 702. In someembodiments, the monitoring client 1 communicates with a patient-caredevices when it is docked via the dock; however, if the monitoringclient 1 cannot communicate with a patient-care device, e.g.,patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, themonitoring client 1 can communicate with it wirelessly, e.g., using theantenna 112 of the monitoring client 1.

Optionally, the monitoring client 1, other monitoring client 4, and/orthe remote communicator 11 may be used to send commands or requests topatient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148 such asfor example, a bolus amount, an infusion flow rate, a total fluid fordelivery, a start time for drug delivery, a stop time for drug deliveryor a flow-delivery-rate profile to the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump126 and/or the microinfusion pump 130. In some embodiments, one or moreof the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may be used to send commands orrequests to the pill dispenser 128, such as, for example, a pilldispense command to dispense a pill, a pill-type, a pill dispensingschedule, and/or a max pill-dispensing criteria. The max pill-dispensingcriteria may be a maximum amount of a medication that may be deliveredwithin a predetermined interval of time; for example, certainmedications are taken as needed (i.e., pro re nata), however, themedication may not be safe if taken in excess and the maxpill-dispensing criteria may prevent the medication from being taken atunsafe levels by the patient, e.g., a predetermined amount during apredetermined interval of time.

Optionally, the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128,130, 148 may also communicate data back to the monitoring client 1, theother monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11 for:determining if an alarm or alert should be issued or sent; determiningif the treatment or condition is safe for the patient; determining ifthe system 700 is operating properly or within predetermined bounds;and/or for displaying the data on a display of the monitoring client 1,the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11. Forexample, optionally, the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, and/orthe microinfusion pump 130 may communicate (where applicable): upstreampressure; changes in upstream pressure; pressure downstream to thepatient 2; changes in pressure downstream to the patient 2; the presenceor absence of air within an infusion line; an actual bolus amountdelivered; an actual infusion flow rate; an actual total fluiddelivered; an actual start time for drug delivery; an actual stop timefor drug delivery; or an actual flow-delivery-rate profile to one ormore of the monitoring client 1, the other monitoring client 4 and/orthe remote communicator 11. In another embodiment, the pill dispenser128 may optionally communicate data back to the monitoring client 1, theother monitoring client 4, and/or the remote communicator 11, such asfor example, an actual pill dispensed, an actual pill-type dispensed, anactual pill dispensing schedule as dispensed, or whether or not a maxpill-dispensing criteria was exceeded.

The data received from the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35,126, 128, 130, 148 may be analyzed for any predefined conditions toissue an alarm and/or an alert. For example, one or more of themonitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may use an increase in pressure downstreamof the infusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126 and/or the microinfusionpump 130 to be an indication of one of: excessive clotting,infiltration, occlusion or kinking of the tubing to the patient; orocclusion by other material within the IV bag 170. In response to thesudden increase in downstream pressure, one or more of the monitoringclients 1, 4, 11 may visually or audibly alarm or alert a user.Additionally or alternatively, a sudden decrease in pressure downstreamto the patient 2 may be an indication that the tubing has becomedetached from the needle and/or the needle is now out of the patient;and, in response, one or more of the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 mayvisually or audibly alarm or alert a user. One or more of the monitoringclients 1, 4, 11 may, optionally, send a command to one or more of theinfusion pump 7, the syringe pump 126, and/or the microinfusion pump 130to stop delivery of fluid in response to the sudden increase and/ordecrease of pressure downstream to the patient 2.

In some embodiments, each item, component, device, patient-care device,dock, and computing device, numbered or unnumbered, as shown in FIG. 7or described therewith is optional. For example, in some embodiments,the monitoring client 1 is optional, the monitoring server 3 isoptional, the facility services 8 is optional, each of the services 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24 is optional, the cloud server 25 is optional, each ofthe other monitoring clients 4 is optional, the online drug databases 9is optional, the drug adverse event network is optional, the patient'spersonal EHR 19′ is optional, and/or the treatment outcomes database 10is optional. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, each ofthe patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148 isoptional. Likewise, each of the system monitor 131, the wrist band 118,the RFID 116, the barcode 114, the scanner 120, the display 134, and/orAC power, is optional in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Additionally, in some embodiments, although some items, components,devices, patient-care devices, docks, and computing devices, numbered orunnumbered, as shown in FIG. 7 or described therewith are shown as beingthe sole item, component, device, patient-care device, dock or computingdevice, multiple items, components, devices, patient-care devices, docksand computing devices, are contemplated; for example, although a singleinfusion pump 7 is shown in FIG. 7, in some embodiments, two infusionpumps 7 may be used, multiple infusion pumps 7 may be used, or anyarbitrary number of infusion pumps 7 may be used. Additionally oralternatively, in some embodiments, integrated docks 702 may be used.

Additionally or alternatively, although particular patient-care devices7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 126, 128, 130, 148 are shown, other combinations,subsets, multiple ones of a particular patient-care device, orcombinations thereof may be used. For example, in some embodiments, onlyan infusion pump 7 is used of the patient-care devices, and, in thisspecific example, the other patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 126,128, 130, 148 may be disabled, may not be present or available forsystem use, may be turned off, or may not be part of system 700 of FIG.7. Additionally or alternatively, in some specific embodiments, only thepatient-care devices used are dockable to the integrated dock 702; forexample, in one specific embodiment, the infusion pump 7 is the onlydevice docked into the integrated dock 702 and the integrated dock 702only receives one device, e.g., the infusion pump 7. Additionally,alternatively, or optionally, in some specific embodiments, thepatient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, aredockable, may operate undocked, and/or may not be dockable and canoperate as a stand-alone patient-care device.

In FIG. 7, although the integrated dock 702 is shows as being capable ofreceiving several patient-care devices, in other embodiments, theintegrated dock 702 can receive one patient-care device, a plurality ofpatient-care devices, or any arbitrary number of patient-care devices.Also, bays of a dock may be unused, for example, as shown in FIG. 7,empty bay 170 is shown in integrated dock 702. Additionally, althoughthe integrated dock 702 is shown as having one integrated monitoringclient 1, in other embodiments, the integrated dock 702 has twointegrated monitoring clients 1, more than two integrated monitoringclients 1, or any arbitrary number of integrated monitoring clients 1.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system 800having a hub 802 in accordance with yet another embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Optionally, in some embodiments, the hub 802provides a communications interface between the monitoring-client dock102 and device docks 804, 806. In yet additional embodiments, the hub802 controls the patient-care devices without a monitoring client 1,other monitoring client 4, and/or a remote communicator 11. For example,the hub 802 may communicate with the monitoring server 3, the facilityservices 8, the nursing station 5, the pharmacy 6, the cloud server 25,the online drug databases or drug adverse event network 9, a patient'spersonal EHR 19′, and/or the treatment outcomes database 10. The hub 802may provide a clock such that all devices connected thereto use thehub's 802 clock (e.g., patient-care devices, monitoring clients, remotecommunicators, etc.), real-time devices use the hub's 802 clock, ortime-critical devices use the hub's 802 clock.

In some embodiments, a GPS and/or a ranging module (e.g., ultrasonicranging module) may be installed on the infusion pump 830, themonitoring client 1, the hub 802, a caregiver, and/or a patient.Predetermined settings may require that a predetermined group of theinfusion pump 830, the monitoring client 1, the hub 802, the caregiver,and/or the patient must, in this specific embodiment, be in apredetermined distance relative to each other prior to startingtreatment and/or prior to configuring one of the infusion pump 830, thehub 802, and/or the monitoring client 1.

In some embodiments, the hub 802 includes an Application ProgrammingInterface (API) to display GUIs, windows, data, etc. on the monitoringclient 1 and/or the remote communicator 11. The API may include a securedata class. In yet additional embodiments, the docks 102, 804 and/or 806include an API to display GUIs, windows, data, etc. on the monitoringclient 1 or remote communicator 11. In yet an additional embodiment, thedocks 102, 804, or 806, or the hub 802 includes an API to display GUIs,windows, data, etc. on a patient-care device 830, 810, and/or 814.

In some embodiments, the hub 802 and/or the docks 102, 804 and/or 806may identify the type of patient-care device associated therewith andload configuration data based upon the type of the associatedpatient-care device (a device paired thereto, a device plugged in ordocked to the hub 802 and/or the docks 102, 804, and/or 806).

In some embodiments, the hub 802 and/or the docks 102, 804 and/or 806may identify the type of patient-care device associated therewith andconfigure a UI using html, CUSS, JavaScript, Etc. In some embodiments,the hub 802 and/or the docks 102, 804 and/or 806 may have a distributedUI system.

The user interface described herein may utilize a request-actionframework.

Optionally, in some specific embodiments, the hub 802 includes all ofthe safety-critical circuitry and software for communicating with themonitoring client 1; for example, in this specific embodiment, the hub802 receives treatment parameters from the monitoring client 1, and thehub 802 ensures the treatment parameter is safe for the patient 2independent of the any safety check performed elsewhere, for example, onthe monitoring client 1. In yet an additional specific embodiment,system 800 is, optionally, wholly fault-tolerant of the monitoringclient 1, and may ignore commands, requests, or parameters from themonitoring client 1 when, for example, independent safety checksperformed therein does not satisfy predetermined criteria, for example,predetermined safe ranges of drug delivery of an infusion pump 7.

Optionally, in yet additional specific embodiments, a barcode attachedto the IV bag 170 may be scanned by the scanner 120, which downloads apredetermined prescription (e.g., from the patient's personal EHR19′)and/or an infusion pump 830 includes a predetermined prescription thatis uploaded into the hub 802 when it is docked to the dock 804;thereafter, in this specific embodiment and optionally, the hub 802initiates infusion of the IV bag 170 into the patient 2 and monitors theprogress of the treatment to ensure the patient's 2 safety.Additionally, alternatively, or optionally, in this specific embodiment,a caregiver may interact with system 800 as shown in FIG. 8 exclusivelyvia the hub 802. Optionally, in some embodiments, the hub 802 uploadstreatment, status, or patient information to the monitoring client 1;for example, the hub 802 may upload treatment information it receivesfrom the infusion pump 830 or treatment information it receives from thepatient's personal EHR 19′ corresponding to a scanned barcode on the IVbag 170, to the monitoring client 1 for display to a user, forconfirmation of the information by the user, for storage within themonitoring client 1, and the like.

In some embodiments, the device dock 804 receives infusion pumps 830,810, and 812. In some embodiments, the device dock 804 receives, one,more than one, or a plurality of patient-care devices. Device dock 806receives a pill dispenser 814. In some embodiments, the device dock 806receives, one, more than one, or a plurality of patient-care devices,such as pill dispensers 806. The device dock 804 includes an antenna 816for wireless communications, and the device dock 806 includes an antenna818 for wireless communications. Likewise, the hub 802 includes anantenna 820 for wireless communications. Additionally or alternatively,the device dock 804, the hub 802, and/or the monitoring client 1communicate with each other using wired connections. Each of the hub802, and the docks 804 and 806 may communicate with each other using,for example, a USB cable, an Ethernet cable, and/or via a wireless link.Optionally, the hub 802 may include additional accessories, such as adisplay 822, a camera 824, a microphone 826, a scanner 120, anattachable/detachable display (not shown), and the like. As previouslymentioned, the hub 802 may provide all patient safety-critical functionsand may operate independently of the monitoring client 1 and/or themonitoring-client dock 102.

Optionally, the monitoring client 1, other monitoring client 4, and/orthe remote communicator 11 may be used to send commands or requests topatient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 830, 810, 812, 814, 830 148such as for example, a bolus amount, an infusion flow rate, a totalfluid for delivery, a start time for drug delivery, a stop time for drugdelivery or a flow-delivery-rate profile to one or more of the infusionpumps 830, 810, 812. In some embodiments, one or more of the monitoringclients 1, 4, 11 may be used to send commands or requests to the pilldispenser 814, such as, for example, a pill dispense command to dispensea pill, a pill-type, a pill dispensing schedule, and/or a maxpill-dispensing criteria. The max pill-dispensing criteria may be amaximum amount of a medication that may be delivered within apredetermined interval of time; for example, certain medications aretaken as needed (i.e., pro re nata), however, the medication may not besafe if taken in excess and the max pill-dispensing criteria may preventthe medication from being taken at unsafe levels by the patient, e.g., apredetermined amount during a predetermined interval of time.

Optionally, the patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 830, 810, 812,814, 830, 148 may also communicate data back to the monitoring client 1,the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11 for:determining if an alarm or alert should be issued or sent; determiningif the treatment or condition is safe for the patient; determining ifthe system 800 is operating properly or within predetermined bounds;and/or for displaying the data on a display of the monitoring client 1,the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11. Forexample, optionally, one or more of the infusion pumps 830, 810, 812 maycommunicate (where applicable): upstream pressure; changes in upstreampressure; pressure downstream to the patient 2; changes in pressuredownstream to the patient 2; the presence or absence of air within aninfusion line; an actual bolus amount delivered; an actual infusion flowrate; an actual total fluid delivered; an actual start time for drugdelivery; an actual stop time for drug delivery; or an actualflow-delivery-rate profile to one or more of the monitoring client 1,the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11. Inanother embodiment, the pill dispenser 814 may optionally communicatedata back to the monitoring client 1, the other monitoring client 4,and/or the remote communicator 11, such as for example, an actual pilldispensed, an actual pill-type dispensed, an actual pill dispensingschedule as dispensed, or whether or not a max pill-dispensing criteriawas exceeded.

The data received from the patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 830,810, 812, 814, 830, 148 may be analyzed for any predefined conditions toissue an alarm and/or an alert. For example, one or more of themonitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may use an increase in pressure downstreamof one or more of the infusion pumps 830, 810, 812 to be an indicationof one of: excessive clotting, infiltration, occlusion or kinking of thetubing to the patient; or occlusion by other material within the IV bag170. In response to the sudden increase in downstream pressure, one ormore of the monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may visually or audibly alarm oralert a user. Additionally or alternatively, a sudden decrease inpressure downstream to the patient 2 may be an indication that thetubing has become detached from the needle and/or the needle is now outof the patient; and, in response, one or more of the monitoring clients1, 4, 11 may visually or audibly alarm or alert a user. One or more ofthe monitoring clients 1, 4, 11 may, optionally, send a command to oneor more of the infusion pumps 830, 810, 812 to stop delivery of fluid inresponse to the sudden increase and/or decrease of pressure downstreamto the patient 2.

In some embodiments, each item, component, device, patient-care device,dock, and computing device, numbered or unnumbered, as shown in FIG. 8or described therewith is optional. For example, in some embodiments,the monitoring client 1 is optional, the monitoring server 3 isoptional, the facility services 8 is optional, each of the services 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24 is optional, the cloud server 25 is optional, each ofthe other monitoring clients 4 is optional, the online drug databases 9is optional, the drug adverse event network is optional, the patient'spersonal EHR 19′ is optional, and/or the treatment outcomes database 10is optional. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, each ofthe patient-care devices 830, 810, 812 is optional. Likewise, each ofthe system monitor 131, the wrist band 118, the RFID 116, the barcode114, the scanner 120, the display 808, and/or AC power, is optional insome embodiments of the present disclosure.

Additionally, in some embodiments, although some items, components,devices, patient-care devices, docks, and computing devices, numbered orunnumbered, as shown in FIG. 8 or described therewith are shown as beingthe sole item, component, device, patient-care device, dock or computingdevice, multiple items, components, devices, patient-care devices, docksand computing devices, are contemplated; for example, although a singlepill dispenser 814 is shown in FIG. 8, in some embodiments, two pilldispensers 814 may be used, multiple pill dispensers 814 may be used, orany arbitrary number of pill dispensers 814 may be used. Additionally oralternatively, in some embodiments, multiple docks 804 or 806 and/ormultiple monitoring-client docks 102 may be used.

Additionally or alternatively, although particular patient-care devices830, 810, 812 are shown, other combinations, subsets, multiple ones of aparticular patient-care device, or combinations thereof may be used. Forexample, in some embodiments, only an infusion pump 830 is used of thepatient-care devices, and, in this specific example, the otherpatient-care devices 810, 812, 814 may be disabled, may not be presentor available for system use, may be turned off, or may not be part ofsystem 800 of FIG. 8. Additionally or alternatively, in some specificembodiments, only the patient-care devices used are dockable to dock 804or 806; for example, in one specific embodiment, the infusion pump 830is the only device docked into the dock 804 and the dock 804 onlyreceives one device, e.g., the infusion pump 830.

In FIG. 8, although the dock 804 is shows as being capable of receivingseveral patient-care devices, in other embodiments, the device dock 804can receive one patient-care device, a plurality of patient-caredevices, or any arbitrary number of patient-care devices. Also, bays ofa dock may be unused (not shown in FIG. 8). Additionally, although themonitoring-client dock 102 is shown as be capable of receiving onemonitoring client 1, in other embodiments, the monitoring-client dock102 can receive two monitoring clients 1, more than two monitoringclients 1, or any arbitrary number of monitoring clients 1.Additionally, alternatively, or optionally, in some specificembodiments, the patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 830, 810, 812,814 are dockable, may operate undocked, and/or may not be dockable andcan operate as a stand-alone patient-care device.

System 800 of FIG. 8 may use any known communications method to maintaincommunications therewithin. For example, in some embodiments, anyschedule of communications may be used, broadcasting, anycast, multicastor unicast may be used, routing algorithms may be used, adistance-vector routing protocol may be used, a link-state routingprotocol may be used, an optimized link state routing protocol may beused, a path-vector protocol may be used, static routing with predefinedalternative communications paths may be used, and/or adaptive networkingmay be used. For example, in some embodiments of the present disclosure,weights may be assigned to each communications path and Dijkstra'sAlgorithm may be used to communicate between the monitoring client 1 orthe hub 802 and one or more patient-care devices (e.g., patient-caredevices 830, 810, 812, and 814); the weights may be determined in anyknown way, including as a function of bandwidth, signal quality,bit-error rate, may be linear to the available data throughput orlatency, and/or the like.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the facility services 8and/or the drug adverse event network 9 may also include a Drug ErrorReduction System (“DERS”). The DERS system may include a first set ofpredetermined criteria to trigger soft alarms and/or a second set ofpredetermined criteria to trigger hard alarms. Soft alarms may beoverridden (e.g., turned off) by a caregiver using a user interface ofthe infusion pump 830, the user interface 808 of the hub 802, and/or theuser interface of the monitoring client 1 (and may be only an audibleand/or vibratory alarm) while hard alarms cause the treatment to ceaseuntil the source of the hard alarm is removed.

In yet an additional embodiment of the present disclosure, the DERSsystem may include a first set of predetermined criteria defining softlimits and/or a second set of predetermined criteria defining hardlimits. The hard and soft limits define treatment limits, such as drugdosage limits based upon size, weight, age, other patient parameters, orother criteria. Soft limits may be overridden by a caregiver using auser interface of the infusion pump 830, the user interface of themonitoring client 1, and/or the user interface 808 of the hub 802 tostart treatment despite that the treatment is outside of the first setof predetermined criteria while the hard limits prevent the treatmentfrom starting until the settings are changed to confirm to the secondset of predetermined criteria defining the hard limits.

In some embodiments, the patient-care devices 830, 810, 812, 814, 14,15, 16, 17, 35 and/or 148, the monitoring client 1, the remotecommunicator 11, and docks 102 and/or 804, and/or the hub 802 mayinclude a secure data class, e.g., via an API.

Referring again to the drawings, FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of anelectronic patient-care system 900 having a stackable monitoring client902, a stackable infusion pump 904, a stackable syringe pump 906, andanother stackable patient-care device 908 in accordance with yet anotherembodiment of the present disclosure. The stackable devices 902-908 maycommunicate using a backplane and/or a bus (in some embodiments, thestackable devices 902-908 communicate via communication modules).

Optionally, the monitoring client 902, other monitoring client 4, and/orthe remote communicator 11 may be used to send commands or requests topatient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 128, 904, 906, 908, 148 such asfor example, a bolus amount, an infusion flow rate, a total fluid fordelivery, a start time for drug delivery, a stop time for drug deliveryor a flow-delivery-rate profile to the stackable infusion pump 904, thestackable syringe pump 906 and/or the other stackable patient-caredevice 908. In some embodiments, one or more of the monitoring clients902, 4, 11 may be used to send commands or requests to the pilldispenser 128, such as, for example, a pill dispense command to dispensea pill, a pill-type, a pill dispensing schedule, and/or a maxpill-dispensing criteria. The max pill-dispensing criteria may be amaximum amount of a medication that may be delivered within apredetermined interval of time; for example, certain medications aretaken as needed (i.e., pro re nata), however, the medication may not besafe if taken in excess and the max pill-dispensing criteria may preventthe medication from being taken at unsafe levels by the patient, e.g., apredetermined amount during a predetermined interval of time.

Optionally, the patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 128, 904, 906,908, 148 may also communicate data back to the monitoring client 902,the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11 for:determining if an alarm or alert should be issued or sent; determiningif the treatment or condition is safe for the patient; determining ifthe system 900 is operating properly or within predetermined bounds;and/or for displaying the data on a display of the monitoring client902, the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator 11.For example, optionally, the stackable infusion pump 904, the stackablesyringe pump 906, and/or the other stackable patient-care device 908 maycommunicate (where applicable): upstream pressure; changes in upstreampressure; pressure downstream to the patient 2; changes in pressuredownstream to the patient 2; the presence or absence of air within aninfusion line; an actual bolus amount delivered; an actual infusion flowrate; an actual total fluid delivered; an actual start time for drugdelivery; an actual stop time for drug delivery; or an actualflow-delivery-rate profile to one or more of the stackable monitoringclient 902, the other monitoring client 4 and/or the remote communicator11. In another embodiment, the pill dispenser 128 may optionallycommunicate data back to the stackable monitoring client 902, the othermonitoring client 4, and/or the remote communicator 11, such as forexample, an actual pill dispensed, an actual pill-type dispensed, anactual pill dispensing schedule as dispensed, or whether or not a maxpill-dispensing criteria was exceeded.

The data received from the patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 128,904, 906, 908, 148 may be analyzed for any predefined conditions toissue an alarm and/or an alert. For example, one or more of themonitoring clients 902, 4, 11 may use an increase in pressure downstreamof the stackable infusion pump 904 and/or the stackable syringe pump 906to be an indication of one of: excessive clotting, infiltration,occlusion or kinking of the tubing to the patient; or occlusion by othermaterial within the IV bag 170. In response to the sudden increase indownstream pressure, one or more of the monitoring clients 902, 4, 11may visually or audibly alarm or alert a user. Additionally oralternatively, a sudden decrease in pressure downstream to the patient 2may be an indication that the tubing has become detached from the needleand/or the needle is now out of the patient; and, in response, one ormore of the monitoring clients 902, 4, 11 may visually or audibly alarmor alert a user. One or more of the monitoring clients 902, 4, 11 may,optionally, send a command to one or more of the stackable infusion pump902 and/or the stackable syringe pump 906 to stop delivery of fluid inresponse to the sudden increase and/or decrease of pressure downstreamto the patient 2.

The stackable monitoring client 902, the stackable device 908, thestackable infusion pump 904, and the stackable syringe pump 906 may bedaisy-chained together via connectors coupled to the top and bottom ofeach device. For example, the stackable syringe pump 906 may instead bestacked on top of the monitoring client 902 such that a bottom connectorof the stackable syringe pump 906 electrically coupled to connectors ontop of the monitoring client 902.

The daisy chain can be created, for example, through electricalconductors within each of stackable monitoring client 902, the stackablepatient-care device 908, the stackable infusion pump 904, and thestackable syringe pump 906 such that a continuous electrical contact ismaintained between each of these devices.

Additionally or alternatively, the stackable devices 902, 908, 904, 906may optionally maintain wireless communications with each other. Forexample, the stackable monitoring client 902 may detect that daisy-chainconductors are electrically unresponsive because of an internal shortwithin a stackable device of the stackable devices 902, 908, 904, 906,and the stackable monitoring client 902 can interrogate each of thestackable devices 908, 904, 906 to determine which device is faulted;after a determination is made, the stackable monitoring client 902 canwirelessly communicate with an isolated disconnect circuit within thefaulted device of the stackable devices 902, 908, 904, 906 toelectrically disengage the faulted device from the daisy-chainedconductors. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the stackabledevices 902, 908, 904, 906 can alarm, send an alert, and/or display amessage that one of the stackable devices 902, 908, 904, 906 is faultedand/or that one of the stackable devices 902, 908, 904, 906 iscommunicating wirelessly rather than via the daisy-chained, wiredcommunications link.

Additionally or alternatively, each of stackable monitoring client 902,the stackable device 908, the stackable infusion pump 904, and thestackable syringe pump 906 may relay or retransmit information to arespective device below or above itself within the daisy chain. Forexample, the stackable infusion pump 904 may communicate all datareceived from the stackable syringe pump 906 by buffering the datawithin an internal memory and communicating the information when asignal is received from the stackable patient-care device 908 indicatingthe stackable patient-care device 908 is ready to receive additionaldata. In some embodiments, each item, component, device, patient-caredevice, dock, and computing device, numbered or unnumbered, as shown inFIG. 8 or described therewith is optional. For example, in someembodiments, the monitoring client 1 is optional, the monitoring server3 is optional, the facility services 8 is optional, each of the services19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 is optional, the cloud server 25 is optional,each of the other monitoring clients 4 is optional, the online drugdatabases 9 is optional, the drug adverse event network is optional, thepatient's personal EHR 19′ is optional, and/or the treatment outcomesdatabase 10 is optional. Additionally or alternatively, in someembodiments, each of the patient-care devices 830, 810, 812 is optional.Likewise, each of the system monitor 131, the wrist band 118, the RFID116, the barcode 114, the scanner 120, the display 808, and/or AC power,is optional in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Additionally, in some embodiments, although some items, components,devices, patient-care devices, and computing devices, numbered orunnumbered, as shown in FIG. 9 or described therewith are shown as beingthe sole item, component, device, patient-care device, or computingdevice, multiple items, components, devices, patient-care devices, andcomputing devices, are contemplated; for example, although a single pilldispenser 128 is shown in FIG. 9, in some embodiments, two pilldispensers 128 may be used, multiple pill dispensers 128 may be used, orany arbitrary number of pill dispensers 128 may be used.

Additionally or alternatively, although particular patient-care devices904, 906, 908 are shown, other combinations, subsets, multiple ones of aparticular patient-care device, or combinations thereof may be used. Forexample, in some embodiments, only a stackable infusion pump 904 is usedof the patient-care devices, and, in this specific example, the otherpatient-care devices 906, 908 may be disabled, may not be present oravailable for system use, may be turned off, or may not be part ofsystem 900 of FIG. 9. Additionally or alternatively, in some specificembodiments, only the patient-care devices used are stacked; forexample, in one specific embodiment, the infusion pump 904 is the onlydevice stacked. Additionally or alternatively, unstacked patient-caredevices, e.g., patient-care devices 904, 906, and/or 908, may continueto operate when it is operating as a stand-alone device. Additionally,alternatively, or optionally, in some specific embodiments, thepatient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 904, 906, 908, 128, 148 aredockable, may operate undocked, and/or may not be dockable and canoperate as a stand-alone patient-care device.

In FIG. 9, although the stack is shows as being capable of stackingseveral patient-care devices, in other embodiments, the stack canreceive one patient-care device, a plurality of patient-care devices, orany arbitrary number of patient-care devices. Additionally, although thestack is shown as be capable of receiving one monitoring client 902, inother embodiments, the two stackable monitoring clients 902, more thantwo stackable monitoring clients 902, or any arbitrary number ofstackable monitoring clients 902 are stacked together in system 900.

System 900 of FIG. 9 may use any known communications method to maintaincommunications therewithin. For example, in some embodiments, anyschedule of communications may be used, broadcasting, anycast, multicastor unicast may be used, routing algorithms may be used, adistance-vector routing protocol may be used, a link-state routingprotocol may be used, an optimized link state routing protocol may beused, a path-vector protocol may be used, static routing with predefinedalternative communications paths may be used, and/or adaptive networkingmay be used. For example, in some embodiments of the present disclosure,weights may be assigned to each communications path and Dijkstra'sAlgorithm may be used to communicate between the monitoring client 902and one or more patient-care devices (e.g., patient-care devices 904,906, 908); the weights may be determined in any known way, including asa function of bandwidth, signal quality, bit-error rate, may be linearto the available data throughput or latency, and/or the like.

Referring to FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9, various updating technologiesand/or techniques may be employed to update a hub, a dock, a device, aninsulin pump, an infusion pump, and/or a patient-care device. Forexample, a patient-care device may be coupled to a computing device(which, in some embodiments, may be a personal computer or any devicethat may be used in a similar fashion as a personal computer, forexample, but not limited to, a tablet) by way of bus translator, whichconverts, for example, and in some embodiments, RS232 formatted data toe.g., I2C formatted data. A processor within a hub, a dock, a device, aninsulin pump, an infusion pump, and/or a patient-care device, may, insome embodiments, execute an update program to control and orchestratethe downloading a software into flash memory by a supervisor processorand/or a command processor, for example. In some embodiments, thecomputing device may orchestrate the downloading of software into theflash memory of the hub, a dock, a device, an insulin pump, an infusionpump, and/or a patient-care device. Software updates obtained bycomputing device may be flashed into flash memory (not shown) accessibleby the supervisor processor and/or the command processor. Theabove-described software updates may be, in some embodiments, a commandline program that may be automatically invoked by a script process.

In some embodiments, a hub, a dock, a device, an insulin pump, aninfusion pump, and/or a patient-care device may be, or have the abilityof, a web connected remote interface which may include, but is notlimited to, capability to download applications, download softwareupdates, upload information and/or send information to various machines,including, but not limited to, through a web based secure portal and/orthrough electronic mail and/or by way of a wireless communicationsprotocol. Thus, in various embodiments, the remote interface applicationmay run on any capable device and is not limited to a so-calledproprietary device. Further, in some embodiments, the remote interfacemay be Bluetooth enabled, or otherwise enabled, to communicate, forexample, using radio frequency (“RF”) communication, with one or moredevices which may include, but are not limited to, one or more of thefollowing: hub, a dock, a device, an insulin pump, an infusion pump, apatient-care device, a Bluetooth or other communication device, apatient-care device, and/or any other device.

In some embodiments, a charging station may include a charging area fora hub, a dock, a device, an insulin pump, an infusion pump, and/or apatient-care device for the remote interface which may include a USBplug. In some embodiments, the charging station may include a USB port,and in some embodiments, may include a mini-USB port, allowing for thecharging station to receive power, in some embodiments, for charging thehub, the dock, the device, the insulin pump, the infusion pump, thepatient-care device, and/or the remote interface through a USB.Additionally and/or alternatively, the USB port may be configured fordata transfer to/from a remote interface and/or the hub, the dock, thedevice, the insulin pump, the infusion pump, and/or the patient-caredevice by connection to a computer or other device and/or othercomputer-type apparatus. In embodiments including a USB port, whilst theremote interface is being charged, the system may call to a personalcomputer and/or web portal to check for updated software and if there isupdated software available, may download software updates, e.g., via theUSB connection. These updates may then be transferred to the hub, thedock, the device, the insulin pump, the infusion pump, and/or thepatient-care device upon pairing.

Thus, the user may connect the remote interface of a hub, a dock, adevice, an insulin pump, an infusion pump, and/or a patient-care deviceto a personal computer and/or, in some embodiments, upload data from theremote interface to a web portal or other. In some embodiments, this maybe accomplished during “recharging” of the remote interface which, insome embodiments, may be done using a USB connection to the personalcomputer, which, in additional to charging/recharging the remoteinterface may synchronize and/or upload/download data from the personalcomputer, 1908 and/or web portal. At this time, the system may determinesoftware updates for one or more of the devices and or for the remoteinterface are available. The user may select “download updates” andthese may be downloaded to the remote interface of the a hub, a dock, adevice, an insulin pump, an infusion pump, and/or a patient-care device,again, at the time of charging and/or at any time the remote interfaceis either connected, directly or indirectly, to the personal computerand/or to a web portal designed specifically for the system. Asdiscussed above, the remote interface is capable of communication withthe various devices. Thus, software updates may be communicated to anyone or more device by the remote interface. This has many advantages,including, but not limited to, only having to connect the remoteinterface to the personal computer/web portal to both uploaddata/information from all of the devices and/or download updates and/orapplications from the personal computer and/or from the internet/webportal to any of the devices. This may be desirable for many reasons,including but not limited to, the ability to efficiently and easilyupdate all devices from one connection and/or the ability to view all ofthe data from all the devices on one location and/or the ability todownload information and/or settings from the personal computer/webportal to any of the devices through the remote interface.

Thus, in some embodiments, as the personal computer/web portal containsall the information from all the devices, including, but not limited to,the remote interface, at any time, a new “remote interface” may beintroduced to the system. This may be accomplished by connecting the newremote interface to the personal computer/web portal and downloading allthe information regarding the system to the remote interface. In someembodiments, this may first require that the old remote interface beremoved from “approved devices”, however, in other embodiments; thesystem may “allow” additional remote interfaces by permission from theuser. Thus, the system includes the ability to download all theinformation and applications to any internet connected and/or remoteinterface capable of communicating to the devices and/or capable ofconnecting the personal computer and/or web portal.

This also allows the remote interface to download any application fromthe internet to any device in the system. Thus, in various embodimentsof the system, a user can turn any apparatus (including some parameterssuch as ability to wirelessly communicate and connect to the personalcomputer and/or web portal) into a device that could control the variousdevice, for example, the infusion pump and/or receive data from and/orcontrol a CGM sensor/transmitter, and/or other analyte sensors, and/orother devices, such as a hub, a dock, a device, an insulin pump, aninfusion pump, and/or a patient-care device. In some embodiments, theremote interface and/or the one or more applications on the remoteinterface may be password or other protected and is paired with the oneor more devices, for example, paired with an infusion pump and/or CGMsensor and or one or more other devices.

In some embodiments, the information on the remote interface may beuploaded and/or synchronized with another device and/or a computerand/or machine, including, but not limited to, uploading the data to aninternet site that may be password protected (web portal). Thus, a usermay access the information from any device and or may download theinformation to any device including any device specific applications andtherefore the user information may be downloaded to any deviceincluding, but not limited to, history, preferred settings, etc.,information.

FIG. 10 is flow chart diagram of a method 600 for communicating apatient-care parameter of a patient-care device to a monitoring serverin accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Method 600includes acts 602-608. The patient-care device of method 600 mayoptionally be any patient-care device disclosed herein, e.g.,patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, of FIG.1, 3, 5, or 7, patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 830, 810, 812, 814of FIG. 8, patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17 904, 906, 908 of FIG. 9,or other patient-care device disclosed herein.

Act 602 establishes a communications link between a patient-care deviceand a monitoring server. Act 604 communicates the patient-care parameterto the monitoring server, e.g., over the local area network and/or theinternet, through WiFi, through a monitoring client, one or more hubs,or a dock, etc. Act 606 de-identifies the patient-care parameter. Act606 may be performed automatically and electronically, e.g., within themonitoring server 3 of FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 and/or 9. For example, thename of the patient may be removed and replaced by a random serialnumber or other indicator that cannot be used to determine the identityof the patient in the monitoring server. Act 608 stores thede-identified, patient-care parameter in the monitoring server, e.g.,within a database, such as a SQL database, a relational database, anassociative database, a cloud server, and the like.

FIG. 11 is flow chart diagram of a method 701 for aggregatingpatient-care parameters from multiple patients as determined frompatient-care devices in a monitoring server in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. Method 701 includes acts 703-713.In some embodiments, all of the acts 703-713 are optional. Thepatient-care device may be any patient-care device disclosed herein,e.g., patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, ofFIG. 1, 3, 5, or 7, patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 830, 810, 812,814 of FIG. 8, patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17 904, 906, 908 of FIG.9, or other patient-care device disclosed herein.

Act 703 establishes communications links between a monitoring server,e.g., monitoring server 3 of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, or 9, and a pluralityof patient-care devices associated with a plurality of patients.Optionally, multiple patient-care devices may be associated with asingle patient, and/or multiple patient-care devices may be associatedwith a different and respective patient.

Act 705 communicates a plurality of patient-care parameters from theplurality of patient-care devices to the monitoring server. Act 707de-identifies the patient-care parameters, and act 709 stores thepatient-care parameters in the monitoring server, e.g., within adatabase, such as an SQL database, a relational database, an associativedatabase, and the like. Act 707 may be performed automatically and/orelectronically. Act 711 treats a subset of patients of the plurality ofpatients with a treatment. For example, patients with high bloodpressure may be treated with a medication designed to lower bloodpressure. Act 713 analyzes a subset of the plurality of patients-careparameters associated with the plurality of patients to determine theefficacy of the treatment. For example, all patients that received theblood pressure medication of act 711 can have their blood pressurecompared to a blood pressure reading after a predetermined amount oftime, e.g., 6 months, to determine if the treatment was effective forone or more patients.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart diagram of a method 801 of recovery for apatient-care device when the patient-care device's operation isinterrupted in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.For example, a patient-care device may be unplugged from a dock, thepower may be interrupted, a hardware or software fault may temporarilydisable one or more processors or other circuitry within thepatient-care device, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, theone or more processors on a patient-care device may implement the method801 so that the patient-care device is hot swappable.

Method 801 includes acts 803-823. Each of the acts 803-823, in someembodiments, is optional. Act 803 receives one or more patient-careparameters associated with a patient-care device. The patient-caredevice of method 801 may be any patient-care device disclosed herein,for example, it may be one or more of patient-care devices 7, 14, 15,16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, of FIG. 1, 3, 5, or 7, patient-caredevices 14, 15, 16, 17, 830, 810, 812, 814 of FIG. 8, or patient-caredevices 14, 15, 16, 17 904, 906, 908 of FIG. 9.

Act 805 stores the one or more patient-care parameters in a non-volatilememory of the patient-care device. The patient-care parameters may beany values associated with patient care including patient-treatmentparameters or patient-condition parameters, for example, an infusionrate for an infusion pump is a patient-treatment parameter.

Act 807 receives one or more operating parameters for the patient-caredevice. An operating parameter may be anything related to the operationof the device. For example, an operating parameter may be a limit on thespeed of a motor of an infusion pump, an infusion pump speed, a wattagelimitation on wireless communications, a battery discharge rate or ratelimit, an update frequency, and the like. Act 809 stores the one or moreoperating parameters in the non-volatile memory of the patient-caredevice.

Act 811 calculates one or more additional operating parameters for thepatient-care device. The calculated operating parameters are anyparameters calculated for operating the patient-care device, forexample, a gain coefficient of a proportional-integral-derivative(“PID”) control loop that has adaptive gain coefficients used inautomatic gain control. Act 813 stores the one or more additionaloperating parameters in the non-volatile memory of the patient-caredevice.

Act 815 determines that operation of the patient-care device has beeninterrupted, for example, power has been lost to the patient-caredevice, a fault has occurred in the patient-care device, a brown-out CPUreset has occurred, and the like. Act 817 determines that operation ofthe patient-care device can resume.

Act 819 loads the one or more received or calculated operatingparameters into a working memory of the patient-care device; and, act821 loads the one or more patient-care parameters into the workingmemory of the patient-care device. Act 823 resumes operation of thepatient-care device.

Turning now to FIG. 13, a flow chart diagram of a method 900 is shownfor pairing a monitoring client having a user interface with apatient-care device in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Method 900 includes acts 902-912. The monitoring client ofmethod 900 may be a monitoring client 1, or remote communicator 11 ofFIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, or 8, monitoring client 902 of FIG. 9, a remotecommunicator 11 of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, or 9, a cell phone, a handledcomputer, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a personal computer, apersonal digital assistant, and the like. Although Method 900 describedpairing between a monitoring client and a patient-care device, in someembodiments, the method 900 may be used to pair a hub (e.g., hub 802 ofFIG. 8) with a patient-care device (e.g., patient-care device 830, 810,812, and 814), to pair a first patient-care device (e.g., patient-caredevice 830 of FIG. 8) with a second patient-care device (e.g.,patient-care device 814 of FIG. 8) such that the user interface of thefirst patient-care device can be used to control the second patient-caredevice, and/or to a pair the system monitor (e.g., system monitoring 131of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 or 9) with a patient-care device (e.g.,patient-care devices 7, 170, 126, 128, 148, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 170 asshown in FIGS. 1, 3, 5 and 7, or the patient-care devices 830, 810, 812,814, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 148 of FIG. 8, and/or the patient-care devices904, 906, 908, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 148 of FIG. 9).

Act 902 positions a monitoring client having a user interface (e.g., adisplay, touch screen, a display, buttons, accelerometer for user input,and the like) within an operational distance of a patient-care device.Act 904 displays the identity of the patient-care device on the userinterface. The patient-care device may be identified by, for instance, aserial number, a device type, or a visual display on the user input ofthe patient-care device using standard or custom discovery protocols.Act 906 selects the patient-care device for pairing using the userinterface. For example, a user in act 906 may touch a touch screen ofthe monitoring client to indicate selection of the patient-care device.

Act 908 pairs the patient-care device to the monitoring client. Forexample, the paring of the patient-care device to the monitoring clientmay utilize Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (I.E.E.E. 802.15.1), WiFi,infrared communications, near field communication (NFC ISO 13157), IRcommunication, or optically. A custom pairing protocol may be used aswell, as will be apparent in light of this disclosure, which may or maynot employ the use of handshaking sequence. Act 910 communicatespatient-care parameters between the patient-care device and themonitoring client, e.g., so that the patient-care device may becontrolled or monitored by the monitoring client.

Act 912, optionally, operatively communicates additional patient-careparameters with another patient-care device through the patient-caredevice. In act 912, if the patient-care device is operatively coupled toor is in operative communication with another patient-care device, thepatient-care device can act as a relay or router so that the monitoringclient can communicate with the another patient-care device.Additionally or alternatively, the patient-care device may useinformation from another patient-care device for its operation, forexample, an infusion pump may use a flow rate as determined by a flowrate meter or temperature from a temperature probe, and/or the infusionpump may relay information from the flow rate meter to a monitoringclient. Additionally, the monitoring client can optionally communicatewith multiple patient-care devices coupled to the paired patient-caredevice, either in parallel or in serial. Additionally or alternatively,in some embodiments of the present disclosure, in method 900 themonitoring client communicates with the patient-care device using anintravenous tube. The communications may occur via an electricalconductor embedded into or attached to the intravenous tube, viaelectrical communication using the fluid within the intravenous tube asa conductive medium, using sounds waves traveling through theintravenous tube, or optically by using the fluid within the tube as anoptical waveguide. The communication via the intravenous tube may beused to set-up pairing (e.g., between a monitoring client, a hub, adock, a patient care device and/or a system monitor with one or more ofa monitoring client, a hub, a dock, a patient care device and/or asystem monitor) using another communications link, e.g., Bluetooth,Bluetooth Low Energy, WiFi, etc.

In yet additional embodiments of the present disclosure, the pairingfrom a first device (e.g., a monitoring client, hub, patient-caredevice, or system monitor) with a second device (e.g., a monitoringclient, hub, patient-care device, or system monitor) may be configuredand/or initialized using a first communications link such that thedevices are paired using a second communications link; for example,near-field communications or IR communications may set up pairingbetween the devices using Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, or WiFi, forexample. The pairing setup (e.g., via near-field communications or IRcommunications) may prompt a request on a monitoring client, hub,patient-care device, and/or system monitoring requesting userconfirmation of the device pairing, e.g., pairing via Bluetooth, forexample. In some embodiments, when a patient-care device is paired to ahub, monitoring client, and/or dock, the ID and software version numberis sent to the hub, monitoring client, and/or dock, which checks with aserver, e.g., the monitoring server 3, middleware, the cloud server, orother server to determine if the software on the patient-care device isup-to-date; if the software is not up-to-date, the hub, monitoringclient, dock, or the patient-care devices itself (e.g., directly)downloads updated software to program the patient-care device. Thepatient-care device may notify the user if the software is up to dateand/or may give the user the option on the touch screen to optionallyupdate the patient-care device if the software is not up to date. Thecommunications link that sets up the pairing (e.g., NFC) and/or thecommunications link that uses the pairing (e.g., Bluetooth or BluetoothLow Energy) may communicate the updated software, the ID, the softwareversion number, provide the notification, etc. One pairing that may beused, e.g., with a pump patient-care device or insulin pump, may befound in: (1) the patent application entitled “INFUSION PUMP METHODS ANDSYSTEMS” to Mandro et al., filed Mar. 25, 2010, Attorney Docket 106, andhaving the Ser. No. 12/731,843, (2) the patent application entitled“METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING AN INFUSION PUMP” to Bryant et al.,filed Apr. 4, 2009, Attorney Docket G98, and having the Ser. No.12/416,662, and/or (3) the patent application entitled “INFUSION PUMPASSEMBLY” to Kamen et al., filed Dec. 31, 2009, Attorney Docket G75, andhaving the Ser. No. 12/347,985, the entire contents of all three ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIG. 14 is a flow chart diagram of a method 10000 for monitoringoperation of a patient-care device using a wearable system monitorpaired to the patient-care device in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. Method 1000 includes acts 1014-1040 and canutilize various devices 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008, 1100, 1112 to facilitatethe pairing of the wearable system monitor of method 1000 with apatient-care device. In some embodiments, each of the acts 1014-1040 isoptional.

The wearable system monitor of method 10000 may be the wearable systemmonitor 131 of FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9. The pairing of the systemmonitor of method 1000 for monitoring one or more patient-care devicesmay be done using any one or more of the devices 1002-1012, or using anysufficient devices disclosed herein. For example, a user interface ofthe monitoring device 1002, a user interface of a remote communicator1004, a user interface of a communications device 1006, a user interfaceof a patient-care device 1008, a user interface of another patient-caredevice 1010, or the user interface of the wearable system monitor 1012may be used to pair the wearable system monitor of method 1000 with apatient-care device.

The patient-care device of method 1000 may be any patient-care devicedisclosed herein, such as patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35,126, 128, 130, 148, of FIG. 1, 3, 5, or 7, patient-care devices 14, 15,16, 17, 830, 810, 812, 814 of FIG. 8, patient-care devices 14, 15, 16,17 904, 906, 908 of FIG. 9, or other patient-care device disclosedherein.

The system monitor of method 1000 may be used with system 100 of FIG. 1,system 300 of FIG. 3, system 500 of FIG. 5, system 700 of FIG. 7, system800 of FIG. 8, system 900 of FIG. 9, may be used with a stand-alonesystem, and/or with any other sufficient system or group of devicesdisclosed herein.

Act 1014 identifies a caregiver (i.e., provider) using one or more of: avoice-recognition algorithm, a facial-recognition algorithm, a barcode,an RFID tag, near-field communications, simple login, secure signatures,and the like. For example, the identification of the caregiver in act1040 may be done by a monitoring client, a monitoring-client dockingstation, a device docking station, by a communications module, otherdock, or hub using an onboard camera and/or a microphone. Also, as asafety check, a monitoring client, a hub, dock, or patient-care devicemay request that a user enter in font as displayed to guard against fontcorruption errors. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments,if after one or more failed logins or verifications, the device may takea picture and store the picture; the picture may be transmitted forstorage in a middleware server. Act 1016 logs the presence of thecaregiver in one or more of the devices 1002-1012. The log entry may bestored on the any one of the devices 1002-1012, a patient-care devicedescribed herein, a monitoring client described herein, a wearablesystem monitor described herein, a remote communicator described herein,and/or a hub described herein. The log of act 1016 can be for caregivercompliance, diagnostic purposes, and the like. For example, if acaregiver is scheduled to appear and does not, the act of 1016 may logthe non-appearance of the caregiver at the scheduled time.

The facial-recognition algorithm of act 1014 may relay on any facialfeatures of the caregiver such as analyzing the relative size, shape, aposition of the eyes, nose, jaw, cheekbones, or other facial features.The facial-recognition algorithm of act 1014 may use three-dimensionalface recognition, skin texture analysis, or other facial-recognitionalgorithm. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, thevoice-recognition algorithm of act 1014 may use hidden Markov models,dynamic-time-warping based speech recognition, or othervoice-recognition algorithm(s).

Act 1018 detaches the wearable system monitor from a wearable dock. Forexample, the system monitor 131 of FIG. 1 may be worn on the patient'swrist such that it is attached to the patient with a wristband similarto a watch wristband; a portion of the wearable system monitor may bedetachable from a dock which includes the wristband and a snap-fit basemember that the wearable system monitor snaps into (also referred toherein as a “wearable dock”). When the wearable system monitor isdetached from its dock, act 1020 starts a timer. The timer and relatedacts are each optional in method 1000 of FIG. 14.

The timer of act 1020 keeps track of the amount of time the wearablesystem monitor is out of its dock. Act 1022 stops a treatment if apredetermined amount of time has elapsed after the wearable systemmonitor has been undocked from the wearable dock. For example, thewearable system monitor of method 1000 may signal an infusion pump tostop pumping. When the wearable system monitor is docked again, act 1024resumes the treatment if the treatment was interrupted, e.g., fromundocking the wearable system monitor from its wearable dock after thepredetermined amount of time has elapsed.

As previously mentioned, act 1018 detaches the wearable system monitorfrom the wearable dock. Act 1026 identifies a patient using, forexample, one or more of: a voice-recognition algorithm, afacial-recognition algorithm, a barcode, an RFID tag, near-filedcommunications, simple login, caregiver entry, and the like. Act 1026may be similar to act 1014, may utilize the same software as utilized inact 1014, and/or may utilize one of the devices 1002-1020. In someembodiments, however, note that the identification procedure for apatient can include more than the identification of the caregiver byusing, for example, biometrics or other identifying patient-specificinformation. Such patient identification standards may be used to ensurea particular treatment is being given to the correct patient and/or toprovide compliance with given regulations. Act 1014 and/or 1026 may beperformed using a passkey device on the patient and/or caregiver.

Act 1028 determines if the caregiver is authorized to pair the wearablesystem monitor, e.g., pair the wearable system monitor with apatient-care device. If the caregiver is not authorized, then the method1000 prevents additional pairing (or editing of the pairing settings) ofthe wearable system monitor. If the caregiver is authorized to pair thewearable system monitor, act 1030 allows the caregiver to select one ormore patient-care devices for pairing with the wearable system monitor.Caregiver authorization can be used, for instance, to ensure aparticular treatment is being given to the correct patient and/or toprovide compliance with given regulations.

The caregiver may be provided a list of patient-care devices that areavailable for pairing on one or more user interfaces of the devices1002-1012. During act 1030, the caregiver selects a wearable systemmonitor (e.g., the patient-wearable system monitor of act 1018) and apatient-care device for pairing together. Act 1032 pairs the wearablesystem monitor with the patient-care device, and act 1034 logs thepairing of act 1032 in the wearable system monitor including theidentity of the caregiver and the patient. In an additional specificembodiment, the pairing of the wearable system monitor with thepatient-care device may be used with parallel or serial pairing of thepatient-care device with another device (e.g., a monitoring client, ahub, another patient-care device etc.) As will be appreciated in lightof this disclosure, any suitable pairing protocol (e.g., Bluetooth orIEEE 802.11) can be used. Additionally or alternatively, act 1034 canlog the pairing into one or more of the devices 1002-1012.

Act 1036 reattaches the wearable system monitor to the wearable dock.Act 1038 identifies and authenticates the wearable docking using thewearable system monitor, e.g., to determine if the wearable systemmonitor and the wearable dock are authorized for docking together. Forexample, act 1038 may ensure that the wearable system monitor is dockedto a wearable dock of the correct patient. If, for example, the wearablesystem monitor was docked to a wearable dock of the wrong patient, thewearable system monitor can recognize the error, preclude the associatedtreatment from proceeding by signaling the patient-care deviceassociated with the patient-care device to stop operating (in someembodiments), and send an alert to a monitoring client, e.g., themonitoring client 1, 4, or 11 of FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, monitoring client9, 4, or 11 of FIG. 9, or other monitoring client disclosed herein. Act1024 can resume treatment if the treatment was interrupted, or act 1040can treat the patient in accordance with any updated settings 1040.

In some specific embodiments, when a caregiver is identified in act 1016and/or the patient is identified in act 1026, the caregiver may updatetreatment settings, e.g., on a monitoring client, a hub, a remotecommunication or on the patient-care device.

FIG. 15 is a flow chart diagram of a method 1100 for displaying a userinterface using a user-interface template in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. Method 1100 includes act1102-1132. In some embodiments, each of the acts 1102-1132 is optional.

The monitoring client of method 1100 may be one or more of monitoringclients 1, 4, or 11 of FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, monitoring clients 9, 4, or11 of FIG. 9, or other monitoring client disclosed herein. Thepatient-care device of method 1100 may be one or more of patient-caredevices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, of FIG. 1, 3, 5, or7, patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 830, 810, 812, 814 of FIG. 8,patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17 904, 906, 908 of FIG. 9, or otherpatient-care device disclosed herein.

Although method 1100 describes using a user-interface template with amonitoring client, the monitoring client may be substituted by a hub, acommunications module, another patient-care device, or other sufficientdevice having a user interface. The user-interface template of the userinterface of method 1100 provides a predefined display with specificfields for displaying patient-care parameters. For example, auser-interface template for an infusion pump may define certain fieldsfor displaying on a GUI, such as the present fluid-flow rate. Theuser-interface template may also define an area on a display of themonitoring client for displaying the present fluid-flow rate as receivedfrom the infusion pump. The user-interface template may include layoutinformation, such as: instructions how to display information; adescription of various widgets; various widgets; graphs; labels for thegraph axes; labels for the display; buttons; and/or labels to providethe user with control or visual information of one or more patient-caredevices. The user-interface template may be a template describing aQT-based template, and/or may use HTML or CSS.

Act 1102 identifies or selects a patient-care device for communicationwith a monitoring client having a user interface. For example, in act1102, the monitoring client may automatically identify a predeterminedinfusion pump that has been previously designated by a provider fortreatment of a patient. Additionally or alternatively, in act 1102 aprovider may be given a list of patient-care devices to select from fordisplaying on the user interface of the monitoring client informationconcerning operation of the selected patient-care device(s).

Act 1104 determines if the patient-care device has a storeduser-interface template. For example, an infusion pump may include flashmemory with a user-interface template stored therein. If thepatient-care device has a stored user-interface template, act 1106communicates the stored user-interface template from the patient-caredevice to the monitoring client having the user interface. Act 1108displays the user-interface template on the user interface of themonitoring client. Act 1110 communicates patient-care parameters betweenthe patient-care device and the monitoring client. Act 1112 displays thepatient-care parameters on the displayed user-interface template inaccordance with the user-interface template. For example, auser-interface template for an infusion pump may include a space for thepresent infusion rate; act 1112 displays, in this example, the presentinfusion rate (a patient-care parameter) on the display using theuser-interface template.

If act 1104 determines that no patient-care device has a storeduser-interface template, the method 1100 will determine if themonitoring client has a user-interface template for use for displayingthe patient-care parameters of the patient-care device; additionally oralternatively, act 11004 may issue an alarm via the monitoring clientand/or the patient-care device. Act 1114 determines the type of thepatient-care device. If the type is determined, act 1116 determines if auser-interface template is stored within the monitoring client inaccordance with the type of the patient-care device. If there is auser-interface template, act 1118 displays the user-interface templateon the user interface of the monitoring client. Act 1120 communicatespatient-care parameters between the patient-care device and themonitoring client. Act 1122 displays the patient-care parameters on thedisplayed user-interface template in accordance with the user-interfacetemplate. For example, patient-care parameters, such as an infusionrate, may be displayed in predefined areas of the user interface asdesignated by the user-interface template.

If the type is not determined in act 1114, or a user-interface templateis not located within the monitoring client based upon the determinedtype, then act 1124 displays a selectable list of a plurality ofuser-interface templates on the user interface of the monitoring client;additionally or alternatively, act 1114 may issue an alarm or alert viathe monitoring client and/or the patient-care device. Act 1126 allows auser to select a user-interface template from the plurality ofuser-interface templates using the user interface of the monitoringclient. Act 1128 displays the user-interface template on the userinterface of the monitoring client. Act 1130 communicates patient-careparameters between the patient-care device and the monitoring client.Act 1132 displays the patient-care parameters on the displayeduser-interface template in accordance with the user-interface template.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the patient-care deviceof method 1100 may also store one or more fonts for display on themonitoring client, e.g., using the user-interface template describedabove. The fonts may be stored in any format, such as JPEGs, BMPs, imageformats, pre-stored fonts, and the like and may be transmitted for usewithin the field to provide an indication of the operating parameter,(e.g., rather than transmitting a value, an image is transmitted showinga number or value which is then displayed on the monitoring client). Insome embodiments, fonts stored within the monitoring client may be usedsuch that a value of the operating parameter is sent to the monitoringclient for display within the template using the fonts stored in themonitoring client.

FIG. 16 is a flow chart diagram of a method 1134 for downloading anapplication for controlling a patient-care device in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. In method 1134 of FIG. 16,although a monitoring device is described therewith as an exemplarydevice for controlling a patient-care device, the monitoring device maybe substituted and/or supplemented by a dock, hub, communicationsmodule, remote communicator, communications device, and the like.

Method 1134 includes acts 1136-1146. In some embodiments, each of theacts 1136-1146 is optional. The monitoring client of method 1134 mayoptionally be one of the monitoring clients 1, 4, or 11 of FIGS. 1, 3,5, 7, 8, the monitoring clients 9, 4, or 11 of FIG. 9, or othermonitoring client disclosed herein. The patient-care device of method1134 may optionally be one of patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17,35, 126, 128, 130, 148, of FIG. 1, 3, 5, or 7, patient-care devices 14,15, 16, 17, 830, 810, 812, 814 of FIG. 8, patient-care devices 14, 15,16, 17 904, 906, 908 of FIG. 9, or other patient-care device disclosedherein. The server of method 1134 may optionally be one of themonitoring servers 3 of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, or 9.

Act 1136 docks a patient-care device into a dock. For example, aninfusion device 7 of FIG. 1, 3, 5, or 7, infusion devices 830, 810, or812 of FIG. 8, or an infusion device 904 of FIG. 9 may be docked into arespective dock. In act 1138, a monitoring client identifies thepatient-care device. For example, the patient-care device maycommunicate, for instance, an ID number, a serial number, a description,a prescription, a treatment regime, a patient-treatment parameter, orthe like, to the monitoring client, e.g., by way of a discoveryprotocol. The docked patient-care device may have stored thereintreatment information (for example, a medication amount, infusion rate,total fluid amount, or other patient-treatment parameter), each of whichmay be associated with or correspond to a patient.

In act 1140, the monitoring client queries a server for an applicationto control the patient-care device (e.g., to set an infusion rate). Themonitoring client downloads the application in act 1142. Thecommunications between the monitoring client and the server may beencrypted. For example, the server may encrypt the application prior tosending to the monitoring client, and the monitoring client can decryptthe application using a sufficient encryption key. Additionally oralternatively, all communications may be encrypted. The monitoringclient executes the application during act 1144. In act 1146, themonitoring client is communicatively and operatively coupled with thepatient-care device through the application by executing the applicationon one or more processors. The monitoring client may place theapplication in a sandbox (as described below). In one such embodiment,the application includes an operative set of processor executableinstructions configured for execution by one or more processors on themonitoring client. The application may include instructions to display auser interface on a display of the monitoring client, e.g., using theuser interface template of method 1100 of FIG. 15. Additionally oralternatively, in some embodiments, the application may be used tocontrol the patient-care device by optionally sending parameters orvalues to the patient-care device, e.g., a bolus amount, an infusionflow rate, a total fluid for delivery, a start time for drug delivery, astop time for drug delivery, a flow-delivery-rate profile, a pilldispense command to dispense a pill, a pill-type, a pill dispensingschedule, and/or a max pill-dispensing criteria.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart diagram of a method 1200 of ensuring dataintegrity when communicating data (e.g., requests) for a patient-caredevice in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.Method 1200 includes acts 1202-1222. In some embodiments, each of theacts 1202-1222 is optional. The patient-care device of method 1200 maybe any patient-care device disclosed herein, for example patient-caredevices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128, 130, 148, of FIG. 1, 3, 5, or7, patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17, 830, 810, 812, 814 of FIG. 8,patient-care devices 14, 15, 16, 17 904, 906, 908 of FIG. 9, or otherpatient-care device disclosed herein.

The request may optionally originate from any authorized, authenticated,and/or identified monitoring client, such as, for example, a monitoringclient 1 or 4 of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7 or 8, a remote communicator 11 of FIG.1, 3, 5, 7, 8 or 9, a cell phone, a handled computer, a tablet computer,a laptop computer, a personal computer, a personal digital assistant,and the like.

Act 1202 submits a request for a patient-care device using a userinterface of a monitoring client. For example, using the touch screen ofthe monitoring client 1 of FIG. 1, a user submits an infusion rate forthe infusion pump 7. In some embodiments, the request may optionally bea parameter related to the patient-care device, e.g., a bolus amount, aninfusion flow rate, a total fluid for delivery, a start time for drugdelivery, a stop time for drug delivery, a flow-delivery-rate profile, apill dispense command to dispense a pill, a pill-type, a pill dispensingschedule, and/or a max pill-dispensing criteria.

Act 1204 is optional, and act 1204 displays “pending request” on theuser interface of the monitoring client. Act 1206 formats the requestfor a patient-care device. For example, act 1206 may prepare the requestsuch that it conforms to the communications requirements of thepatient-care device.

Act 1208 determines a check value of the request. For example, acyclic-redundancy-check algorithm is used to determine a check valuethat corresponds to the request. The check value calculated by thecyclic-redundancy-check algorithm is dependent upon the request. Achange in one bit of the request will also change the check value ascalculated by the cyclic-redundancy-check algorithm. Likewise, changingseveral bits will also change the check value. Additionally oralternatively, in other embodiments, a parity bit (even or odd) or otherdata integrity checks may be used.

Act 1210 appends the check value to the request. Action 1212 isoptional, and act 1212 requests confirmation from the user forcommunicating the request using the user interface. The request forconfirmation may be a pop-up dialog box on a touch screen that displays“confirm infusion rate of 90 milliliters/hour?” with a box for selecting“confirmed.” The text and format shown in act 1212 may be of a differentfont, different font size, and/or different display position than otherdisplayed information, e.g., as displayed during the entering of therequest or otherwise, to provide an additional safeguard against baddisplay pixels, a corrupted font table, user misunderstanding, and thelike. Act 1214 confirms the request for communication of the requestusing the user interface. The user can touch the “confirmed” box toconfirm the request for communication of the request, according to someembodiments of the present disclosure.

Act 1216 communicates the request to the patient-care device. Thecommunication may be made via wired, wireless, guided, or fiber opticcommunications, or the like. The patient-care device receives therequest during act 1216. During transit of the request, it is possiblethat one or more bits in the request have been corrupted, e.g., a bithas changed its value, a bit has been lost, a bit has been added, andthe like; this or other data corruption is undesirable.

Act 1218 of method 1200 facilitates the detection of corrupted data.During act 1218, the patient-care device verifies the check value inaccordance with the request. In act 1218, the patient-care device mayuse the same cyclic-redundancy-check algorithm as in act 1208 on therequest to calculate an additional check value. The check value in act1216 as calculated by the patient-care device will be identical to thecheck value calculated in act 1208 only if the data in the request isidentical. That is, the check value in act 1216 and the check value inact 1208 will be different only if the data of the request has becomecorrupted, has fewer or more bits, or otherwise is not identical to thedigital data used to determine the check value of act 1208.

If the check value of the request was not verified, in act 1222 thepatient-care device requests retransmission of the request from themonitoring client. Although FIG. 17 shows act 1222 as proceeding to act1204 of method 1200, in other embodiments, method 1200 may proceed toany of acts 1202-2116. If retransmission of the request is notsuccessful, method 1200 can communicate an error, an alarm, or an alert(not shown) to the monitoring client. Otherwise, if the check value isverified as indicating no data corruption, in act 1220 the patient-caredevice performs the request.

In alternative embodiments, the request in act 1218 is additionally sentback to the monitoring client after verification from the patient-caredevice and may include additional CRC checking during the transmission.The patient-care device during verification may perform, in thisalternative embodiment, checks to determine if the request is withinpredetermined ranges (e.g., the infusion rate for the particular drug issafe, etc.). The monitoring client, in this alternative embodiment, caneither compare the request as received from the patient-care device withthe original request as stored in memory (the requests may be associatedwith each other), and/or the monitoring client can display the requestto the user for confirmation. The request for confirmation may be apop-up dialog box on a touch screen that displays “confirm infusion rateof 90 milliliters/hour?” with a box for selecting “confirmed.” The textand format shown in this alternative embodiment for the confirmation maybe of a different font, different font size, and/or different displayposition than other displayed information, e.g., as displayed during theentering of the request or otherwise, to provide an additional safeguardagainst bad display pixels, a corrupted font table, usermisunderstanding, and the like. In this alternative embodiment, the usercan confirm the request for communication of the request using the userinterface. The user can touch the “confirmed” box to confirm the requestfor communication of the request, according to some embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

Thereafter, in this alternative embodiment, the request is resent to thepatient-care device for performing; additionally or alternatively, inthis alternative embodiment, an action message is sent to thepatient-care device, and the action message contains information linkingit to the original request (e.g., “This is the “action” for the 90milliliters/hour request that was just sent”).

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system 1300 inaccordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. System1300 includes a monitoring client 1302, a dock 1304, and a wireless dock1306. Optionally, in some embodiments, the dock 1304 may act as a hub asdescribed herein.

The patient care device may be any patient-care device described herein,such as one of the patient-care devices 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 126, 128,130, 148, of FIG. 1, 3, 5, or 7, the patient-care devices 14, 15, 16,17, 830, 810, 812, 814 of FIG. 8, or the patient-care devices 14, 15,16, 17 904, 906, 908 of FIG. 9. The monitoring client 1302 may besubstituted for any monitoring client described herein, such asmonitoring clients 1, 4, or 11 of FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, monitoringclients 9, 4, or 11 of FIG. 9, a tablet, a smart phone, a PDA, or thelike.

The dock 1304 may include a shaped receiving portion for receiving themonitoring client 1302 for connecting electrical contacts of themonitoring client 1302 to the docket 1304 through a cable 1308. Thecable 1308 may be integrated together with the dock 1304 and/or themonitoring client 1302. The cable 1308 may provide, for instance, USB orother standard communications between the dock 1304 and the monitoringclient 1302.

The dock 1304 optionally includes a processor 1301, sensors 1309, awatchdog 1310, a charger 1312, a battery 1314, and analternating-current (“AC”) power cord 1316. The processor 1301 controlsthe operation of the dock 1304. A patient-care device 1318 is dockableto the dock 1304. System 1300 also includes a wireless dock 1306 havinga patient-care device 1320 docked thereto. The wireless dock 1306 may beidentical or similar to the dock 1304, however, the wireless dock 1306wirelessly communicates with the monitoring client 1302, in someembodiments.

The battery 1314 can power the dock 1304 and the patient-care device1318 when the AC power cord 1316 is unplugged from an AC outlet (notshown). In some embodiments, the dock 1304 may be the sole source ofpower for the monitoring client 1302 or the patient-care device 1318.Additionally or alternatively, the monitoring client 1302 and/or thepatient-care device 1318 may include an on-board battery or a separateAC power cord (not shown).

In some example embodiments, the dock 1304 may provide IEC-60601compliant power to the patient-care device 1318. Additionally oralternatively, the dock 1304 can provide a variable DC voltage asrequested by the patient-care device 1318. For example, the dock 1304may include a programmable buck-boost power supply (not shown) that canprovide a DC voltage from 1 Volt to 24 Volts as requested by thepatient-care device 1318 for a specific connector pin of a connector1322.

The battery 1314 may be charged by the charger 1312 when the power cord1316 is plugged into an AC outlet (not shown). The battery 1314 providesuninterrupted power to the patient-care device 1318 when the AC powercord 1316 is unplugged from an AC outlet (not shown). For example, thepatient-care device 1318 may be an infusion pump which continues tooperate after the AC power cord 1316 is unplugged because the battery1314 automatically supplies replacement power to the patient-care device1318 when the AC power cord 1316 is unplugged.

The sensors 1308 may optionally include one or more of an ambienttemperature sensor, an ambient pressure sensor, an ambient humiditysensor, and the like. The sensors 1308 may optionally include redundantsensors, such as two temperature sensors, and the dock 1304 may use theredundant sensors to determine if one or both has malfunctioned, e.g.,by comparing the readings of the two sensors to each other. The dock1304 may communicate with the sensors 1308 and/or other peripherals toensure their proper operation, to perform data integrity checks, toprovide the patient-care device 1318 with their measurements, e.g., theambient temperature.

The watchdog 1310 can optionally ensures that the patient-care device1318 is properly operating by performing interrogations mentioned above,monitoring the outputs of the patient-care device 1318 to determine ifthey are within predetermined ranges (e.g., physically possible orlikely ranges), have feedback that is in accordance with applied input,and is otherwise operating properly. Additionally or alternatively, thesystem monitor 13010 may optionally monitor the operation of themonitoring client 1302 through the cable 1308. Although one watchdog1310 is described herein, one or more watchdogs 1310 may be used, e.g.,a plurality of watchdogs 1310. In some example embodiments, thepatient-care device 1318 communicates with the watchdog 1310 at fixedintervals. The fixed intervals are optionally configurable using a userinterface of the monitoring client 1302 or using a computer attached tothe cable 1308. If the patient-care device 1318 fails to communicatewith the watchdog 1310 during the fixed interval, the watchdog 1310determines that an error has occurred within the patient-care device1318 and issues an alert or alarm, e.g., an audible sound using aspeaker 1324 or flashes an LED 1326 red. The action for response to notreceiving a communication within the interval may be configurable and/orprogram, e.g., using a user interface of the monitoring client 1302 orusing a computer attached to the cable 1308; for example, fornon-critical patient-care devices, a failure to respond to the watchdog1310 may cause the LED 1326 is flash RED, and an action to a criticalpatient-care device may additionally cause the dock 1304 and/ormonitoring client 1302 to audibly and visually alarm and sent anotification to a nursing station and/or a remote communicator, e.g.,remote communicator 11 of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, or 9, a Smartphone, alaptop computer, another patient-care device, and the like. Additionallyor alternatively, the LED 1326 may optionally flash green if thepatient-care device 1326 is operating properly or is presently treatinga patient. Additionally or alternatively, a speaker within themonitoring client 1302 may issue an audible alert or alarm. Ifappropriate, the patient-care device can be disabled or swapped outuntil the error condition is resolved.

Additionally or alternatively, the watchdog 1310 may ensures that themonitoring client 1302 is properly operating by requiring it tocommunicate with the watchdog 1310 at a fixed, predetermined, orpreprogrammed interval. If the monitoring client 1302 fails tocommunicate with the watchdog 1310 during the fixed interval, thewatchdog 1310 may determine that an error has occurred within themonitoring client 1302 and issues an alert or alarm similar to the onedescribed above with regards to the patient-care device 1318, e.g., anaudible sound using a speaker 1324 or flashes an LED 1326 red. In someembodiments, a speaker within the monitoring client 1302 may issue anaudible alert. In some embodiments, a speaker within the monitoringclient 1302 may serve as a backup speaker to the dock 1304, and thespeaker 1324 of the dock 1304 may serve as a backup speaker to themonitoring client 1302.

The charger 1312 can charge the battery 1314 using AC power suppliedthrough the AC power cord 1316. Additionally or alternatively, thecharger 1312 can charge a battery 1328 within the patient-care device1318.

In some embodiments, the wireless dock 1306 may include the samehardware as the dock 1304 and may or may not include the AC power cord1316. For example, the wireless dock 1306 may include a plurality ofcontacts for positioning the wireless dock in a recharging cradle thatincludes a plurality of contacts that engage the contacts of thewireless dock 1306 for charging a battery therein.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system 1400 inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. System1400 includes a monitoring client 1402, a dock 1404, a large volume pump1406, a syringe pump 1408, and sensors 1410. System 1400 also include aUSB sensor 1412 coupled to the dock 1404 through a USB cable, a wirelesssensor 1414 in wireless communication with the dock 1404, a server 1416,and a hospital information server 1418. The monitoring client 1402 maybe any monitoring client, such as one of the monitoring clients 1, 4, or11 of FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, the monitoring clients 9, 4, or 11 of FIG. 9,a tablet, a Smartphone, a PDA, a laptop, and the like. The dock 1404 cancommunicate via the electrical conductor shown in FIG. 19 and/or viawireless to one or more of the large volume pump 1406, 1408, and/or thesensors 1410 to receive parameters and/or to control the devices.

The dock 1404 receives AC power 1420 from an AC outlet 1422. The dock1404 is in operative communication with the monitoring client 1402 usinga monitoring-client adapter 1424. The monitoring-client adapter 1424 iscoupled to the dock 1404 through UI connectors 1426, 1428. The UIconnectors 1426, 1428 provide power to the monitoring-client adapter1424 and data through a USB link. The monitoring-client adapter 1424 iscoupled to the monitoring client 1402 through several connectors 1430,1432, 1434, 1436. Two of the connectors 1430, 1434 provide power fromthe monitoring-client adapter 1424 to the monitoring client 1402, whiletwo other connectors 1434, 1436 provide a USB connection therebetween tofacilitate digital communications between the dock 1404 and themonitoring client 1402. Note that other embodiments may employconnections other than the USB-type.

Connectors 1438-1450 allow the dock 1404 to operatively provide power tothe large volume pump 1406, the syringe pump 1408, and sensors 1410.Additionally or alternatively, connectors 1438 and 1440 provide serialcommunications between the dock 1404 and the large volume pump 1406;connectors 1442 and 1444 provide serial communications between the largevolume pump 1406 and the syringe pump 1408; and, connectors 1446 and1448 provide serial communications between the syringe pump 1408 and thesensors 1410. Connector 1450 provides optional expansion for additionaldevices (not shown).

System 1400 shows a daisy-chained system for coupling together severaldevices together. Each device either digitally routes data destined foranother device to a subsequent device, or each device includeselectrical conductors such that both of its connectors includeelectrical connections to respective pins.

The dock 1404 can communicate with the wireless sensor 1414 using, forexample, Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy, Zigbee, Xbee, ANT, ANT Plus,and the like. The sensors 1412, 1414, and/or 1410 may be apatient-monitoring device, or one or more environment sensors, such as atemperature sensor, humidity sensor, a camera, a microphone, an ambientlight sensor, a vibration sensor, and the like.

The server 1416 can communicate with the hospital information system1418. The server 1416 provides a WiFi router such that the dock 1404 isin operative communication with the hospital information system 1418.Information may be transferred to and from the hospital informationsystem 1418 through the server 1416, which can translate protocols ofthe dock 1404 to and from the hospital information system 1418 or HealthLevel 7 (“HL7”). The server 1416 (and/or the hospital information system1418) may include a drug error reduction system (“DERS”) system thatchecks to determine that any treatments being applied to a patient usingthe system 1400 is safe for the patient. The server 1416 may be themonitoring server 3, and the hospital information system 1418 may be thefacility services 8 of FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and/or 9.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of the dock 1404 of the electronicpatient-care 1400 system of FIG. 19 in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. In some embodiments, each of the componentsshown in FIG. 20 is optional.

Dock 1404 includes an AC/DC converter 1452 for receiving the AC power1420 (see FIG. 19). The AC/DC converter 1452 may include rectifiercircuitry, smoothing circuitry, a switched-mode power supply, a linearregulator, and the like to convert the AC power to DC power 1454. Insome embodiments of the present disclosure, the AC/DC converter 1452 maybe external to the dock. In other embodiments, the AC/DC converter 1452is located within the dock 1404.

The DC power 1454 is received at the DC power entry 1456, which may be aconnector to connect the positive and negative leads of the DC power1454 to power and ground planes of a PCB board, respectively. The DCpower entry 1454 provides power to the circuitry of the dock 1404. TheDC power entry 1456 may also receive wireless power 1458.

The power received via the DC power entry 1456 is sent to chargingcircuitry 1460. The charging circuitry 1460 charges a primary battery1462 and a backup battery or super-capacitor 1464. The chargingcircuitry 1460 may employ various charging techniques, for example, aconstant-current/constant-voltage charging algorithm.

The dock 1404 includes a primary processor 1466 and a safety processor1468. The primary processor 1466 is powered by the primary battery 1462.The safety processor 1468 is also powered by the primary battery 1462,but also can receive power from the backup battery or super-capacitor1464.

In this example embodiment, the primary processor 1466 interfaces with abarcode reader 1470, a camera 1472, dock sensors 1474, a speaker 1476, aWiFi transceiver 1478, a Bluetooth transceiver 1480, a USB controller1482, LED status lights 1484, and three internal expansion slots 1486,1488, and 1490 (each of which is optional).

The internal expansion slots 1486, 1488, and 1490 can receive additionalcircuitry. For example, as shown in FIG. 20, the internal expansion slot1486 has a communications/ranging module 1492, and the internalexpansion slot 1488 has a RFID reader 1494 and a near-field communicator1488 inserted therein (each of which is optional).

The safety processor 1468 provides a watchdog function to the primaryprocessor 1466. For example, the safety processor 1468 can communicatewith the primary processor at predetermined intervals, or expects acommunication from the primary processor 1466 at predeterminedintervals. If the safety processor 1468 does not receive the expectedresponse or communication, it may determine that an error has occurred.The safety processor 1468 in response to the error may indicated a faultusing LED Fault status lights 1401, generating an audible sound using abackup speaker 1403, or vibrate the dock 1404 using a vibration motor1405. As will be appreciated in light of this disclosure, numerous faultnotifications (e.g., telephone call, email, text message, etc) can beissued to numerous personnel (e.g., nurses and/or physicians, facilitymaintenance, etc).

The safety processor 1468 can monitor the power supplied through thedevice connector using current sensing circuitry 1407. If the safetyprocessor 1468 determines that the current supplied to the deviceconnector 1438 exceeds a predetermined threshold or is otherwise out ofspecification, the safety processor 1468 signals power enable circuitry1409 to disengage the power supplied from the primary battery 1462 tothe device connector 1438. The power enable circuitry 1409 may includerelays, switches, solid-state switches, contactors, and the like toconnect and disconnect the primary battery 1462 from the deviceconnector 1438.

The primary processor 1466 is also electrically coupled to a optionalcharge-state display 1411 and an optional display 1413. The charge-statedisplay 1411 can display the charge state of the primary battery 1462.The display 1413 may be a touch screen and/or may display theoperational status of the dock 1404. The dock 1404 receives user inputvia optional buttons 1415.

The communications/ranging module 1492 can communicate with othercommunications/ranging modules 1492, e.g., on a patient-care device,other dock, or monitoring client, to determine the distancetherebetween. For example, two communications/ranging module (e.g.,communications/ranging module 1492 and another communications/rangingmodule), may wirelessly communicate, for example, via ultrasound, RF,UHF, electromagnetic energy, optically, and the like, to determine thedistance between them. In accordance with one embodiment, one or more ofa patient-care device, a monitoring client, a patient's watchdog, aremote communicator, etc. may not operate unless each of them having acommunications/ranging modules 1492 determines they are within apredetermined distance relative to each other.

FIG. 21 shows an exemplary arrangement of a system 2100 in which amonitoring client 2102 is linked to a number of patient-care devices viaa dock 2120, including an infusion pump 2106 connected to and deliveringfrom a smaller bag of fluid 2118, an infusion pump 2108 connected to anddelivering from a larger bag of fluid 2116, a drip detection device 2112connected to tubing from the smaller bag 2118, a pill dispenser 2114,and a microinfusion pump 2110. The monitoring client 2102 maycommunicate with these patient-care devices in a wired fashion, as shownfor the infusion pumps 2106, 2108, the microinfusion pump 2110 (viadocks 2120, 2104), and the pill dispenser 2114. Alternatively, themonitoring client may communicate wirelessly with patient-care devices,as suggested by the absence of a wired connection between the dripdetection device 2112 and the monitoring client 2102. In an embodiment,a wired connection between the monitoring client 2102 and a patient-caredevice also affords an opportunity for electrical power to be suppliedto the patient-care device from the monitoring client 2102. In thiscase, the monitoring client 2102 may include the electronic circuitrynecessary to convert the voltage to power the patient-care device fromeither a battery attached to the monitoring client 2102 or from linevoltage fed into the monitoring client 2102 from a power outlet (notshown) in a patient's room. Additionally or alternatively, the dock 2104supplies power to the infusion pumps 2106, 2108 and the microinfusionpump 2110.

In an embodiment, the monitoring client 2102 is capable of receivinginformation about each patient-care device with which it is linkedeither directly from the device itself, or via a docking station, suchas, for example, the dock 2104 onto which the patient-care device may bemounted. The dock 2104 may be configured to receive one or morepatient-care devices via a standardized connection mount, or in somecases via a connection mount individualized for the particular device.For example, in FIG. 21, infusion pumps 2106 and 2108 may be mounted tothe dock 2104 via a similar connection mount, whereas the microinfusionpump 2110, for example, may be mounted to the dock 2104 via a connectionmount configured for the particular dimensions of the microinfusionpump's 2110 housing.

The dock 2104 may be configured to electronically identify theparticular patient-care device being mounted on the docking station, andto transmit this identifying information to monitoring client 2102,either wirelessly or via a wired connection. Additionally, theparticular patient-care device may be preprogrammed with treatmentinformation (e.g., patient-treatment parameters such as an infusion ratefor a predetermined infusion fluid) that is transmitted to themonitoring client 2102. In some embodiments of the present disclosure,the monitoring client 2102 communicates with EMR records to verify thatthe preprogrammed treatment information is safe for an identifiedpatient and/or the preprogrammed treatment information matches theprescribed treatment stored in the EMR records.

In some embodiments, the drip detection device 2112 may communicate withthe monitoring client 2102 either wirelessly or in a wired connection.If an aberrant fluid flow condition is detected (e.g., because thetubing to the patient has become occluded), a signal may be transmittedto monitoring client 2102, which (1) may display the flow rate of fluidfrom fluid container 2118 in a user interface either locally onmonitoring client 2102, or more remotely to a user interface at anurse's station or a handheld communications device, (2) may trigger anauditory or visual alarm, (3) may alter the rate of infusion of a pump2108 connected to bag 2118, by either terminating the infusion orotherwise changing the pumping rate, or (4) may cause an audible alarm(and/or vibration alarm) on the infusion pump 2106. The alarms may occursimultaneously on several devices or may follow a predeterminedschedule. For example, when an occlusion occurs in a line connected tothe infusion pump 2106, (1) the drip detection device 2112 alarms usingits internal speaker and an internal vibration motor, (2) thereafter,the infusion pump 2106 alarms using its internal speaker and an internalvibration motor, (3) next, the monitoring client 2102 alarms using itsinternal speaker and an internal vibration motor, and (4) finally, aremote communicator 11 (e.g., see FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9) alarms usingits internal speaker and an internal vibration motor.

In some embodiments, an individual pump may be programmable to allow forcontinued operation at a predetermined pumping rate shouldcommunications fail between the monitoring client 2102 and the pump,either because of a malfunction in the monitoring client 2102, in thecommunications channel between the monitoring client 2102 and the pump,or in the pump itself. In some embodiments, this independent functionoption is enabled when the medication being infused is pre-designatedfor not being suspended or held in the event of a malfunction in otherparts of the system. In some embodiments, a pump programmed to operateindependently in a fail safe mode may also be configured to receiveinformation from a drip detection device 2112 directly, rather thanthrough a monitoring client 2102. With this option, the pump may beprogrammed, in some embodiments, to stop an infusion if the dripdetection device 2112 detects an aberrant flow condition (such as, e.g.,a free-flow condition or an air bubble present in the infusion line). Insome embodiments, one or more of the pumps 2106, 2108, and 2110 may haveinternal fluid flow meters and can operate independently as astand-alone device.

FIG. 22 shows an electronic patient-care system 2200 having a tablet2102 docked into a dock for wirelessly communicating with patient-caredevices 2106, 2108, 2110, 2112, 2114 in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. The monitoring client 2102 may communicate withthe patient-care devices 2106, 2608, 2110, 2112 wirelessly or through awireless transceiver on the dock 2120. For example, the monitoringclient 2102 may communicate to a transceiver within the dock 2104.Additionally or alternatively, the dock 2120 include a transceiver foruse by the monitoring client 2102 for communicating with the dock 2104and/or directly via a wireless connection to the patient-care devices2106, 2108, 2110, 2112, 2114.

FIG. 23 shows an electronic patient-care system 2300 having modularinfusion pumps 2302, 2304, 2306, 2308 that dock into a dock 2310 havinga monitoring client 2312 with a retractable user interface in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure. The modular infusion pumps2302, 2304, 2306, 2308 have standardized connectors so that they may besnapped into the dock 2310. Each of the modular infusion pumps 2302,2304, 2306, 2308 includes a user interface. For example, the modularinfusion pump 2302 includes a touch screen 2314, a start button 2316, astop button 2316, an increase-infusion-rate button 2320, and adecrease-infusion-rate button 2322. FIG. 24 is a side-view of theelectronic patient care system 2300 of FIG. 23 and shows an outline of acavity 2400 in which the monitoring client 2312 can retract into becausethe mounting pole 2402 is movable such that the monitoring client 2312can be rotated along pivot 2404 and pushed down into the cavity 2400.

FIG. 25 shows an electronic patient-care system 2500 having modularinfusion pumps 2502, 2504, 2506, 2508 that dock into a dock 2510 havinga monitoring client 2512 with a retractable user interface, the infusionpumps 2502, 2504, 2506, 2508 are arranged in a staggered fashion inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. System2500 of FIG. 25 may be similar to the system 2300 of FIG. 23, exceptthat system 2500 of FIG. 25 has the module infusion pumps 2502, 2504,2506, 2508 arranged in a staggered fashion. The staggering of themodular infusion pumps 2502, 2504, 2506, 2508 may provide more room fortube routing.

FIG. 26 shows an electronic patient-care system 2600 having modularinfusion pumps 2602, 2604, 2606 that dock into a dock 2608 along acommon horizontal plane. The dock 2608 includes a monitoring client 2610that is retractable into the dock 2608. The monitoring client 2610 maybe wholly retractable into the dock 2608 and/or some of the monitoringclient 2610's circuitry may be housed in the dock 2608. As is easilyseen from FIG. 27 which shows a side-view of the electronic patient-caresystem 2600 of FIG. 26, the monitoring client 2610 pivots along a pivot2700 for retracting the monitoring client 2610 into a cavity 2702 insideof the dock 2608.

FIG. 28 shows another embodiment of an electronic patient-care system2900 including a hub 2902 coupled to a device dock 2904. FIG. 29 shows aside-view of the electronic patient-care system 2900 of FIG. 28. Themonitoring client 2901 is integrated with the hub 2902. In alternativeembodiments, the hub 2902 is a cradle for the monitoring client 2901 andonly provides electrical connections to the dock 2904 and the scanner2912. The modular infusion pumps 2906, 2908, 2910 are shown as dockedinto the device dock 2904. The system 2900 also includes a scanner 2912coupled to the hub 2902. The dock 2904 includes quick release handles2914 and 2916 on the left and right side of the dock 2904, respectively.Also shown in the upper left corner of each of the modular infusionpumps 2906, 2908, and 2910 pumps is a respective button 2918, 2920, and2922 that lights up when that patient-care device is the focus ofinteraction on the monitoring client 2901 (shown as a tablet, a type ofmonitoring client) or is selected for control by a user. Either thetablet can select the specific modular infusion pumps or the user canpush the respective button of the buttons 2918, 2920, and 2922 of themodular infusion pumps 2906, 2908, and 2910 to select it formanipulation on the monitoring client 2901.

FIGS. 30-32 show several views illustrating a clutch system for mountingan electronic patient-care system on a pole in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 30 shows a top view of a dock3100 having a hole 3102 for receiving a pole 3104. The clutches 3110 and3112 are shown in FIG. 31. In some embodiments, the clutches 3110, 3112include cleats 3114, 3116. The handles 3106 and 3107 may be used,individually or together, to release the clutches 3110 and 3112 from thepole 3104 (e.g., by pulling on the handles). Additionally oralternatively, the handles 3106 and 3107 may be used for locking theclutches 3110 and 3112 to the pole 3104 (e.g., by pushing on the handles3106, 3107). As is easily seen from FIG. 31, a downward force, e.g.,from gravity, further compress the clutches 3110, 3112 against the pole3104. Although two clutches 3110, 3112 are shown in FIG. 31, one clutchmay be used to press the pole 3104 against a friction surface. FIG. 32shows an alternative pole mounting structure 3300 in which two fasteners3302 and 3304 are used to clamp down on the pole 3104.

FIG. 33 shows an infusion pump 3400 and retractable connectors 3402,3406 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. InFIGS. 33-35, a hub 3401 is shown as having the retractable connectors3402 and 3406. The hub 3401 has docking connectors making it also adock. The retractable connectors 3402 and 3406 are shown as closed inFIG. 33. However, in alternative embodiments, the retractable connectors3402 and 3406 may be connected directly to the infusion pump 3400, theinfusion pump 3412, and/or additional infusion pumps. The hub 3401 mayhave a pole mounting mechanism that is enveloped by the hub 3401 (seeFIG. 36). The hub 3401, in some embodiments, may be a dock or a cradle,and may optionally include a handle coupled to the top thereof; thehandle may be integrated into the pole attachment mechanism such thatpicking up the handle also releases the hub 3401 from the pole.Alternatively, in some embodiments, the hub 3401 could support a cradleto attach it to a monitoring client, e.g., a tablet, or the monitoringclient could be attached to the pole separately.

The retractable connectors 3402 and 3406, in some embodiments, couldhave a support mechanism (e.g., a lip) on the bottom of the retractableconnectors 3402 and 3406 to support an infusion pump when attached. Inthis example embodiment, the lip may also be the mechanism forelectrical connection.

In FIG. 34, the retractable connector 3402 is shown as open, andconnectors 3408 and 3410 are shown. Although the connectors 3408 and3410 are shown on the retractable connector 3402, in other embodiments,the connectors 3408 and 3410 are on the hub 3401 or infusion pump 3400and 3402 is a cover to cover the connectors 3408 and 3410. Theretractable connector 3406 has an infusion pump 3412 docked thereto.FIG. 35 shows an infusion pump 3416 docked to the retractable connector3402, and the infusion pump 3412 is docked to the retractable connector3606. The infusion pumps 3400, 3412, and 3416 are electrically connectedtogether in FIG. 35 via the hub 3401. FIG. 36 shows a top view of theinfusion pump 3400 and the hub 3401 as attached to the pole 3420 ofFIGS. 33-35. The retractable connectors 3402 and 3406 are shown in theopen configuration.

FIG. 37 shows a square-shaped hub 3701 having several connectors 3703,3705, 3707, 3709 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Each of the connectors 3703, 3705, 3707, and 3709 may beused to connect additional batteries, communication modules, scanners, amonitoring client, a monitoring client's UI, patient-care devices, andthe like. Each of the connectors 3703, 3705, 3707, and 3709 may use astandard pin-out in which the modules attached thereto use a subset. Insome embodiments, each of the connectors 3703, 3705, 3707, and 3709 mayuse a subset of the available pins that are unique to the device that isconnected based upon the type of device, e.g., as determined from asignal. A pole mounting mechanism could be located on the back of thesquare-shaped hub 3701. The square-shaped hub 3701 may also includefront 3711 and back 3713 connectors. The mechanical attachmentsassociated with each of the connectors 3703, 3705, 3707, 3709, 3711,3712 may be permanent attachments (e.g. screws) or quick-releasemounting points (e.g. latches).

FIG. 38 shows an electronic patient-care system having a hub 3701coupled to a pole 3715 in accordance with another embodiment of thepresent disclosure. FIG. 38 shows an articulating monitoring client 3712on the left, an extended battery/communication module 3717 on top, abarcode scanner module 3719 on the bottom, and a pump dock 3723 on theright of the hub 3701. The pump dock 3723 is removable fortransportation with all the infusion pumps 3725, 3727, 3729 attachedsuch that they all may be transported as one unit. A quick-releasehandle 3731 may be located on top of the pump dock 3727 to allow easydetachment from the hub 3701. Alternatively, in other embodiments, theinfusion pumps 3725, 3727, 3729 may be daisy chained together. Thearticulating monitoring client 3721 (e.g., a tablet) may be attachedpermanently to the hub 3701, which could make up a “Zero-Channel Pump”when the dock 3723 is removed. For example, the monitoring client 3721may continue to operate and monitor various patient-care devices when nopump is attached to and/or is in operative communication with themonitoring client 3721.

FIG. 39 shows an electronic patient-care system having a hub 3701coupled to a pole 3715, and a portable dock 3733 that includes aquick-release handle 3731 to detach the portable dock 3733 from the hub3701 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.The hub 3701 allows for devices to be connected thereto using an adaptorplate 3735 as shown in FIG. 40.

FIG. 40 shows an electronic patient-care system having a hub 3701coupled to a pole 3715 and a dock 3735 coupled to the hub 3701 inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. The dock3735 of FIG. 40 is shown as a connector plate. That is, the dock 3735 isshown as an adaptor or connector plate adapted to facilitate theconnection of the infusion pumps 3725, 3727, 3729 to the hub 3701 usingthe generic connector provided by the hub 3701. The dock 3701 providessufficient signals and sufficient mechanical alignment and orientationfor connecting to the dock 3735 and/or vice versa.

FIG. 41 shows an electronic patient-care system 4101 having a hub 4103coupled to a pole 4105 in accordance with another embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The hub 4103 includes connectors 4107, 4109, and4111 for receiving three respective infusion pumps, e.g., infusion pumps4113 and/or 4115. The patient-care system 4101 includes a monitoringclient 4117, e.g., a tablet, on one side of the pole 4105 and theinfusion pumps attachable to the other side of the pole 4105 via theconnectors 4107, 4109, and 4111. Although three connectors 4107, 4109,4111 are shown, any arbitrary number of connectors may be used.Electronic patient-care system 4101 facilitates viewing of themonitoring client 4117 and the infusion pumps, e.g., infusion pumps 4113and 4115, attached to the connectors 4107 4109, 4111. Additionally,electronic patient-care system 4104 facilitates routing of the tubes.The tubes may be inserted from top to bottom of the infusion pumps ormay be routed from the monitoring client 4117's side (e.g., using a tubeorganizer on the pole 4105) on a side of the pole 4105. The monitoringclient 4117 may be articulated. The pole mount of the hub 4103 may clampto the pole 4105 or slip over the step in the pole 4105 that isavailable in some adjustable poles. The pole mount of the hub 4103, showhere as being tubular shaped, may, in other embodiments, be arectangular shape and/or may include the power supply, handle, and/orhub hardware. In some embodiments, the hub 4103 may be a cradle to routeelectrical connections.

FIG. 42 shows an electronic patient-care system 4201 having a monitoringclient 4203 coupled to a hub 4205 having notches 4207, 4709, 4711 forreceiving patient-care devices, e.g., an infusion pump 4713, inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. Thisinfusion pump 4713 includes a sliding connector 4715 that slides intoone of the notches 4207, 4709, 4711. The connector 4715 may bestructurally sufficient and/or additional structural support may beadded. The monitoring client 4203 may fold down, e.g., flat with thedock 4205. The dock 4205 may include reliefs for routing tubes, e.g.,from left to right or up to down. In alternative embodiments, theinfusion pump 4713 may attach to the dock 4205 such that it is raised infront of the dock's 4205 front plane facilitating vertical routing ofthe tubes. FIG. 43 shows a close-up view of a T-shaped connector, e.g.,connector 4715 of FIG. 42, for connecting with the notches 4207, 4709,4711 of the hub 4205 as shown in Fig.

FIG. 44 shows an electronic patient-care system 4401 having stackablepatient-care devices 4403, 4405 and a stackable container 4407 forhousing an infusion bag, e.g., infusion bags 4411 and 4408, inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. Thestackable container 4407 includes a lid 4413 for securing the bags 4411,4409 therein. The electronic patient-care system 4401 includes amonitoring client 4415 with a screen that may be folded down and ahandle 4417 that may be pulled up for portability.

The infusion bags 4411 and 4407 may be microbags and may include anintegrated flow rate monitor and/or an RFID tag embedded therein havinga serial number or data (e.g., patient data) associated with thecontents of the bags 4411 ad/or 4407. In this specific embodiment, themicrobags 4411 and 4407 may include an integrated flow rate meter, adrip counter, an integrated drip chamber, a communication link tocommunicate via the IV tube, and may include a power supply with orwithout a battery or AC/DC converter to power the electronics thereon.The IV communications may occur via an electrical conductor embeddedinto or attached to the intravenous tube, via electrical communicationusing the fluid within the intravenous tube as a conductive medium,using sounds waves traveling through the intravenous tube, or opticallyby using the fluid within the tube as an optical waveguide. The IVcommunications may be encrypted, e.g., using symmetric or asymmetric keyencryption. The microbags 4411 and/or 4407 may include an opticalcommunicator that communicates data (via an infusion tube) to aninfusion pump describing a flow rate and/or the contents of the liquidcontained therein. The microbags 4411 and/or 4407 may include an RFIDand/or NFC tag at a pigtail that can interface with a drip counter whicha reader may use to determine the contents and/or volume of the liquidinside of the microbags 4411 and/or 4407 (e.g., the information isencoded therein). The microbag 4411 and/or 4407 may include a bubblesensor (capacitive or ultrasonic) which communicates the estimation ofbubble sizes to a monitoring client and/or hub. The microbags 4411and/or 4407 may need to be within a predetermined distance from thepatient as determined by NFC, and/or a ranging module before it willoperate (e.g., open a valve and/or active an integrated flow rate meter,drip counter or drop chamber, a communication link, power supply etc.)

FIG. 45 shows an electronic patient-care system 4501 having stackablepatient-care devices 4503, 4505, 4507, 4509, 4511, 4513, 4515, 4517 thatare stackable next to another one of the patient care devices inaccordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. Theelectronic patient-care system 4501 includes a monitoring client 4519that includes a screen that may be folded down and a handle 4520 thatmay be pulled up for portability.

FIG. 46 shows an electronic patient-care system 4601 having stackablepatient care devices 4603, 4605, 4607 with a syringe pump patient-caredevice 4607 having a single syringe 4609 in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 47 shows an electronic patient-care system 4701 having stackablepatient-care devices 4703, 4705, 4707, 4709 with a syringe pumppatient-care device 4707 having two syringes 4711, 4713 in accordancewith another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 48 shows an electronic patient-care system 4801 having stackablepatient-care devices 4803, 4805, 4807, 4809 each having a respectivedisplay (i.e., displays 4811, 4813, 4815, 4817) in accordance withanother embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 49 is a close-up viewof the handle 4901 of the electronic patient-care device of FIG. 48.FIG. 50 is a close-up view of an infusion line port 5001 showing aninfusion line 5003 positioned therethrough of the electronicpatient-care system 4801 of FIG. 48.

FIGS. 51-52 show another embodiment of an electronic patient-care system5101 showing a removable stackable patient-care device 5102 inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 52shows the handle 5103 being moved in a transport configuration totransport the electronic patient-care system 5101 with a pole 5105.

FIG. 53 shows an electronic-patient care system 5301 coupled to a pole5317 and having stackable patient-care devices 5307, 5309, 5311, 5313,5315 that are coupled to a hub 5303 via a dock connectors 5305 inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. The hub5303 is coupled to a monitoring client 5305. The dock connectors 5305connect to patient-care devices 5307 and 5309, which are connected topatient-care devices 5311, 5313, and 5315 via daisy-chained connections.

FIG. 54 shows an electronic-patient care system 5401 having stackablepatient-care devices 5403, 5405, 5307, stackable from the bottom up, inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 55shows an electronic-patient care system 5501 having stackablepatient-care devices 5503, 5505, 5507 that are stackable from the topdown, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 56 shows a perspective-view of a clutch system 5601 having arelease handle 5603 for frictionally gripping to a pole 5605 inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 57shows a back-view of the clutch system 5601 of FIG. 56 showing atransparent back for illustrating the use of the handle 5603 to engageclutches 5607 and 5609. FIG. 58 shows a top, cross-sectional view of theclutch system of FIG. 56.

FIG. 59 is a block diagram of a system 3400 to control an infusion pumpin accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. System 3400includes a user interface component 3402, a pump-engine component 3404,a data-management therapy layer component 3406, and a fluidmeasurement/safety monitor component 3408.

The components 3402, 3404, 3406, and 3408 may be implemented, forexample, in hardware, software, software in execution, in digital logic,firmware, bytecode, in virtualization, using PLDs, FPGAs or PLAs, usingone or more processors, or some combination thereof. For example, thecomponents 3402, 3404, 3406, and 3408 may be an operative set ofprocessor executable instructions configured for execution by one ormore processors on a device 3401, e.g., the device 3401 may be amonitoring client disclosed herein. The components 3402, 3404, 3406, and3408 may be stored on non-transitory, computer readable medium readableby one or more processor for execution by the one or more processors,e.g., the one or more processors may be in operative communication withthe non-transitory, computer readable medium.

The user interface 3402 may be a touch screen (or processor executablecode to control a touch screen) configured to receive user input, e.g.,an infusion rate. The user interface 3402 may be used by an operator toset up treatment parameters and to see treatment status. The userinterface 3402 can be used to adjust patient-treatment parameters duringtherapy, for guidance on the setup of the system 3400, and/or forpost-treatment disassembly of the system 3400. The user interface 3402may include a touch screen and buttons. The user interface 3402 may be aresident software application on the device 3401 or may be executed by aremote or separate component, such as on a handheld device or a computerat a nurses' station. For example, the user interface 3402 may beimplemented by the remote communicator 11 or the other monitoringclients 1, 4 of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 or 9, a Smartphone, a tablet, a pc, atablet computer, or the like.

The data management therapy component 3406 can communicate with one ormore external data systems 3410. For example, the data managementtherapy component 3406 may compare the a patient's 3412 ID withelectronic medical records 3410 to determine if the therapy entered(e.g., an infusion rate) via the user interface component 3402 is: (1)safe for the patient; (2) conforms with the patient's 3412 ailment,condition, disease, and/or therapy plan; (3) is not contraindicated byanother medication or treatment; (4) and does not require the presenceof a specialists not-determined to be within the proximity to thepatient 3412 (as determined by an RFID tag, voice authentication,facial-recognition, username/pas sword identification or verification,secure signatures, or the like).

The data management therapy component 3406 may include all treatmentsettings, may verify settings with the external data systems 3410, andcan log treatment history such as flow rates, drug settings, vitalsigns, etc. to the electronic medical records of the external datasystems 3410. The data management therapy component 3406 may also setparameters for any safety monitors. If the data management therapycomponent 3406 confirms the treatment, the setting is sent to the pumpengine component 3404.

The pump engine component sends 3404 sends the patient-treatmentparameters, e.g., an infusion rate, to the infusion pump 3414. Theinfusion pump 3414 may be any infusion pump disclosed herein. In someembodiments of the present disclosure, the pump engine component 3404only sends an infusion rate to the pump 3414. The pump may have fluidmeasurement capability that is redundant to a flow meter or is theprimary fluid measurement of the system 3406.

The fluid measurement/safety monitor component 3408 may serve as awatchdog for the other pump engine component 3404, can receive flow datafrom a flow meter (not shown), and may serve as a watchdog for the pump3414. The fluid measurement/safety monitor component 3408 can determineif a fault or error condition exists, e.g., the infusion rate asmeasured is outside of a predetermined range or is beyond a threshold,and can communicate a stop command to the pump 3414 to stop the pump3414. Additionally or alternatively, the fluid measurement/safetymonitor component 3408 can communicate to a mechanical occlusion device(not shown) to stop the flow of the infusion fluid to the patient 3412.

Additionally or alternatively, the fluid measurement/safety monitorcomponent 3408 may receive feedback on flow rate as well aspatient-condition parameters, e.g., heart rate, temperature, vitalsigns, etc. If any of the parameters monitored by the fluidmeasurement/safety monitor component 3408 are outside of a predeterminedrange, an alert, such as a text message or email, is issued, e.g., to amonitoring device, a remote communicator, other monitoring clients, aSmartphone, a tablet, a pc, a tablet computer, or the like. Additionallyor alternatively, a mechanical fluid the fluid measurement/safetymonitor component 3408 can communicate to a mechanical occlusion device(not shown) to stop the flow of the infusion fluid to the patient 3412.

FIG. 60 is a block diagram of system 3500 for communicating with severalelectronic patient-care devices 3502, 3504, 3506, 3508, 3510 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

System 3500 includes a wireless or USB based dock or hub 3518. The dock3518 is coupled to a drip counter 3502, an infusion pump 3504, awearable system monitor 3506, a pill dispenser 3508, and other device3510. The other device may be, for example, various patient-conditiondevices, such as a pulse oximeter device, a heart monitor device, ablood pressure device, and a temperature device. The devices 3502, 3504,3506, 3508, 3510 communicate with the monitoring client, e.g., a tablet3514, which in turn communicates with one or more servers 3516. The oneor more servers 3516 may be, for example, a server of the facilityservices 8, the online drug databases 9 or drug adverse event network 9,the patient's personal HER 19′, or a treatment outcomes database 10 ofFIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, or 8.

The wireless communications between the wireless or USB dock 3518 andthe devices 3502, 3504, 3506, 3508, 3510 may be, for example, WiFi,Bluetooth, low energy Bluetooth, Zigbee, a communications link capableof ranging, near field communications, RFID communications, and thelike.

The tablet 3514, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, may bethe primary programming and monitoring interface. The tablet 3514 may beconfigured for a single patient or may be configured when docked into adock 3518 or when the tablet 3514 identifies a patient (e.g., the tablet3514 may download patient-treatment parameters after a patient's ID isentered into the tablet 3514 manually, through an RFID reader, a barcodereader, etc.).

The tablet 3514 may communicate patient-condition parameters orpatient-treatment parameters to the one or more servers 3516. The one ormore servers 3516 may store the patient-condition parameter orpatient-treatment parameters. The tablet 3514 may communicate thepatient-care parameters, e.g., the patient-condition parameters or thepatient-treatment parameters, in real time (i.e., with at least one timeconstraint such as a deadline).

The tablet 3514 may connect to the dock 3518 wirelessly, through a USBcable, or may dock thereto. The tablet 3514, in some embodiments,receives power and data through one or more wired connections from thedock 3518.

The infusion pump 3504 may be a low rate infusion pump (e.g., candeliver 0.1-10 milliliters per hour), a medium flow rate infusion pump(e.g., can deliver 10-300 milliliters per hour), a high flow rateinfusion pump (e.g., can deliver 300-1000 milliliters per hour), aninfusion pump that switches between the various flow rate settings, orsome combination thereof. The infusion pump 3504 may be inserted intothe hub 3518 through a receiving portion; that is, the hub 3518 may alsobe a dock (not shown in FIG. 60). The infusion pump 3504, in someembodiments of the present disclosure, receives power and data throughone or more wired connections from the hub 3518. The infusion pump 3504may be configured to be undocked from the hub 3518 and can continue tooperate while being carried by the patient. The infusion pump 3504 maybe sent to a pharmacy for configuration and/or to be attached to aninfusion bag (also referred to as an IV bag). In some embodiments, theinfusion pump 3504 may be configured to operate only with a specific bagand/or a specific patient.

The wearable system monitor 3506 may be the wearable system monitor 131of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, the wearable systemmonitor 3506 may read patient identification off of a smart arm-band,e.g., via RFID, can provide watchdog functionality for any of the otherdevices 3502, 3504, 3508, 3510, can track flow rate, detect air, monitorvitals, or include a call button integrated thereon. The wearable systemmonitor 3506 can occlude flow in response to an error condition. Thewearable system monitor 3506 may communicate wirelessly with the hub3518 or the infusion pump 3504.

FIG. 61 is a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system 3700having a dock 3702 connectable to patient-care devices 3704, 3706A-3706Cthrough USB connections in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. System 3700 includes a dock 3702 which receives a tablet3708. The dock 3702 is coupled to a hub 3710 which includes USBconnections and can connect to docks 3712 and 3714 through USBconnections. Dock 3712 receives the pill dispenser 3704. The dock 3714receives infusion pumps 3706A-3706C. Docks 3712 and 3714 provide powerto the devices 3704, 3706A-3706C docked thereto.

The dock 3702 supplies power to and charges the internal battery of thetablet 3708. The dock 3702 is also coupled to an USB hub 3710, which thetablet 3708 is a host. The flow meter 3716, e.g., a drip counter, andthe wearable system monitor 3718 communicate wirelessly to the tablet3708 via an antenna and transceiver on the tablet 3708 and/or via atransceiver and antenna on the dock 3702. As will be appreciated inlight of this disclosure, flow meter 3716 and wearable system monitor3718 may be operatively coupled with, or otherwise have integratedtherein, transceivers and antennas such as communication modules 124 andantennas 122 of FIG. 1, so as to facilitate the wireless communicationwith the tablet 3708.

FIG. 62 is a process diagram 3800 showing several stages of electronicpatient-care in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.The process diagram 3800 may be a method for electronic patient-care foruse, for instance, with the example systems of FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and9. Process diagram 3800 includes stages 3802-3810. Stage 3802 includesthe steps of a physician reviewing patient data and previous treatmenthistory in electronic medical records, and entering a prescription intoa computerized physician order entry server 3812.

Stage 3804 includes the steps of a pharmacist preparing a drugcontainer, identifying a container with a printed label and/or an RFID,and selecting a delivery device. Stage 3806 includes the steps ofdelivering a container to a patient or a surgical ward, and tracking thecontainer, e.g., a controlled substance. Stage 3808 includes the stepsof a nurse setting up and adjusting treatment, and checking the 5R's(right patient, right drug, etc). Stage 3810 includes the steps ofdelivering the drug, logging the treatment history into an electronicmedical records, issues and alerts or alarms, and patient surveillance,e.g., monitoring the patient.

FIG. 63 shows a system 3900 having an infusion pump 3902 docked to adock 3904, a pill dispenser 3906 docked into a dock 3908, and a hub 3910for interfacing with the docks 3904 and 3908 via USB cables. The hub3910 also interfaces with a tablet dock 3912 that receives the tablet3914. Additionally or alternatively, the tablet 3914 communicates withthe hub 3910 wirelessly. The tablet 3914 may issue an alert and/or alarmwhen the mode or technology used for communicating changes, e.g., whenchanging from wired to wireless or from wireless to wired.

The hub 3910 includes a display 3916 and provides an interface betweenthe tablet 3914 through the dock 3912. The hub 3910 can support a GUIdisplayed on the display 3916 (which may be a touch screen) forprogramming, setup guidance, status, displaying alerts, displayingalarm, etc.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hub 3910 includes allof the patient-safety circuitry enabling the system 3900 to be fullyfault tolerant of any faults or errors that may occur within orregarding the tablet 3914, and the user interface necessary for patientsafety is either on the hub 3910 or on a display of a patient-caredevices 3906 and 3902 (e.g., the infusion pump 3902 include a display3918, but not explicitly shown device 3906). For example, the hub 3910may require user confirmation (e.g., via a touch screen of the hub 3910)of an infusion rate and drug to be delivered prior to sending therequest or command for the infusion rate to the infusion pump 3902.Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the infusion pump3902 requests user confirmation of the infusion rate and drug to bedelivered prior to operation (e.g., via a touch screen of the infusionpump 3902).

The hub 3910 may sound audible indicators for help guidance, alertprompts, alarm prompts, may include independent safety systems tomonitor safety critical tasks, may be a fail-safe system for puttingpatient-care devices into a safety state when an alert or alarmcondition occurs, may include independent sensors for critical sensors,may include an independent time base or real-time clock for timecritical patient-care devices, e.g., real-time patient-care devices, mayinclude a battery backup to power the patient-care devices through a USBcable, and may include a battery charging to circuit for charging theinternal battery therein.

The hub 3910 may include a power entry module for AC or DC power supplyand can receive power from a standard AC power outlet. The hub 3910 maysatisfy the requirements for isolation and electromagnetic compatibilityaccording to IEC-60601. The hub 3910 converts the AC power to aregulated DC power to be used to charge an internal backup battery,provide power to various circuitry therein, or to power the patient-caredevices 3906, 3902 via their respective USB cables.

The hub 3910 may include IEC-60601 compliant power supply that isselectable or programmable to allow the attached patient-care device torequest a power parameter, e.g., a voltage, duty cycle, DC or AC poweretc., from the hub 3910. The hub 3910 may include one or moreindependent power supplies that are independent from the primary asdefined by IEC-60601.

The hub 3910 includes a backup battery that may be used to supply powervia the USB cables or other cables (not explicitly depicted). The hub3910 may include its own battery charging circuit, e.g., aconstant-voltage/constant-current charging circuit.

The display 3916 of the hub 3910 may display alarms or alerts based uponsignals received from the patient-care devices 3902, 3906, 3920. Forexample, the hub 3910 may periodically query the patient-care devices3902, 3906, 3920, and if the hub 3910 does not receive a response fromone or more of the patient-care devices 3902, 3906, 3920 or the tablet3914, or otherwise one or more of the patient-care devices 3902, 3906,3920 or the tablet 3914 becomes unresponsive, the display 3914 displaysan alert or alarm. The alarm may indicate to the user that thepatient-care device is unresponsive. The patient-care device may beidentified by the monitoring client via serial number, infusion pumpchannel, drug being delivered by the infusion pump, a letter or numberbeing displayed on the patient-care device, via visual mapping of thepatient-care devices on the monitoring device, and the like. Forexample, the monitoring client 3914 may display a layout diagram of thepatient-care devices 3902, 3906, 3920 on its screen to provide visualmapping of the devices. Thereafter, the problem device, dock, or hub maythereafter be represented as a flashing red device indicating to theuser the device that is the subject of the alert and/or alarm. The hub3910 may also include status lights, LEDs, a speaker, a vibrator, orother visual/audio indicator.

The hub 3910 may include, for example, buttons or other input devices,such as switches, a stylus input, and the like. In some embodiments ofthe present disclosure, only the hub 3910 issues alerts and/or alarmsfor the patient-care devices; however, in other embodiments, thepatient-care devices 3902, 3906, 3920, or the tablet 3914 issues alertsand/or alarms.

The hub 3910 may include two separate processors, each being a watchdogto each other. The hub 3910 may also include various sensors, such as anambient temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a humidity sensor, etc.The sensors of the hub 3910 may be redundant to the sensors on thepatient-care devices 3902, 3906, 3920 or the tablet 3914, or the hub3910 may give the patient-care devices 3902, 3906, 3920, or the tablet3914 access to the measurement taken by the sensors of the hub 3910.

The hub 3910 may include, for example, WiFi capabilities, Zigbee,Bluetooth, Low Energy Bluetooth, Xbee, Near Field Communication, rangingdevices, or the like. The hub 3910 may also include various wiredinterfaces, such as for example, RS-232, SPI, CAN, USB, Ethernetconnectivity, etc.

The hub 3910 may also include a failsafe line that is coupled to one ormore of the on the patient-care devices 3902, 3906, 3920 or the tabletdock 3912 which, when pulled low, can cause a safety circuit to causeall of the patient-care devices 3902, 3906, 3920 or the tablet dock3912, or the particular device that cause the fault, to enter into afail safe mode. For example, an electrical conductor (i.e., a wire orline) may exists between the hub 3910 and one or more of that is coupledto a voltage source via a resistor (i.e., the line is “high”), andanother circuit can couple the conductor to a ground (the conductor maybe so-called “pulled low.”). In some embodiments, but not allembodiments, of the present disclosure, when a patient-care devicedisclosed herein, such one or more of the patient-care devices 3902,3906, 3920, or a monitoring client, such as a tablet 3914, enters into afail-safe mode, only critical (a predetermined set) of software routinesare enabled and/or only critical circuitry (a predetermined set) ispowered. In some embodiments, but not embodiments, for example, allcircuitry except for the motor driver circuitry of an infusion pump maybe disabled, such as radios, displays, display drivers, or othercircuitry. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, but notall embodiments, some software routines or functionality may be disabledthat are not necessary when a specific fail safe mode is entered, suchas in an infusion pump, the software that displays configurationinformation may be disabled.

The hub 3910 may also include a camera 3922 may be used to allow accessto the system 3900, or identify a patient, nurse or drug usingfacial-recognition software, or by reading a barcode (2D or 3D). Thecamera 3922 of the hub 3910 may also read drug information and check itagainst the one or more servers 3926 for accuracy, and to ensure thedrug is being delivered to the correct patient. Additionally oralternatively, the hub 3910 may also include a microphone 3924 toidentify a patient, nurse, or caregiver using voice-recognitionsoftware.

The hub 3910 may also include a scanner 3928 that is a barcode reader,an RFID reader, or a magnetic strip reader. The scanner 3928 may be usedto allow access to the system 3900, or identify a patient, nurse ordrug. The scanner 3928 of the hub 3910 may also read drug informationand check it against the one or more servers 3926 for accuracy, and toensure the drug is being delivered to the correct patient.

The hub 3910 may also include one or more components for execution byone or more processors therein. The hub 3910 may include a watchdogcomponent for verifying at given intervals that a patient-care device isresponding to communication queries (for example, a call and responsechallenge to each patient-care device every 5 seconds or other suitableinterval, and if the hub 3910 receives no response, the hub 3910 “pulls”the safety line, i.e., indicates that an error condition exists), awatchdog circuit to monitor health and check voltage levels of variouspower supply voltages, a data integrity check to verify that the databeing transmitted through the hub 3910 is not corrupted and checksinternal and routed packets to be sent to the tablet 3914 or apatient-care device disclosed herein, and a range checker to allow forchecking of programmed thresholds. The hub 3910 may use data integritychecking.

The hub 3910 can monitor the tablet 3914 and can separately alarm whenan error occurs on a patient-care device. In some embodiments of thepresent disclosure, the hub 3910 may include all of the safety-criticalcircuitry and software such that the system 3900 is whollyfault-tolerant of the tablet's 3914 failures and/or is whollyfault-tolerant of any failure modes of the tablet 3514.

The hub 3910 may include an application programming interface (“API”) todisplay data on the display 3916 or the tablet 3914. The API may includea secure data class. A patient-care device can use the API to display onthe display 3916 of the hub 3910. A patient-care device can send amessage to the tablet 3914 instructing the tablet 3914 how to display aninterface for the patient-care device. Additionally or alternatively,the hub 3910 sends a message to the tablet 3914 instructing the tablet3914 to download an application from the one or more servers 3926 fordisplaying a user interface on the tablet 3914; the hub 3910 may sendthis message when a patient-care device is first connected to the hub3910, either via a USB cable, or wirelessly (e.g., using pairing asdescribed herein). Additionally or alternatively, the hub 3910 sends aninstruction to the tablet 3914 for displaying a user interface forinterfacing with the identified patient-care device.

FIG. 64 shows a system 4000 for allowing an electronic medical recordsserver of one or more servers 4002 to enter a prescription and send theprescription to an infusion pump of infusion pumps 4004A-4004C forconfirmation using the scanner 4006 and/or using an interface of one ormore of the infusion pumps 4004A-4004C. The prescription may be sentfrom EMR records on the server 4002 to the infusion pumps 4004A-4004Cvia an application. The application may on a bedside computer 4008 thatcan be used to determine clinician compliance with the prescription. Insome embodiments, the application is on the monitoring client. Thebedside computer 4008 may include an application for interfacing with anEMR server of the one or more servers 4002 through a standard API todownload prescription and/or treatment regimes for use on the infusionpumps 4004A-4004C. The API may include a secure data class. In someadditional embodiments, the hub communicates to the server 4001 throughmiddleware as described above. Additionally or alternatively, referringto FIG. 65, the application for interfacing with the EMR server may beon the tablet 4102 as shown in FIG. 65. Although the scanner 4104 isshown as being coupled to the hub 4106, it may be attached to apatient-care device 4108A-4108C, or a tablet hub 4110. Rather than usingthe scanner 4104 to identify the medication, a camera 4112 may be usedto identify the medication by reading a 2D or 3D barcode on themedication, e.g., on an infusion bag or pill container.

In FIG. 66, a system 4200 is shown. A patient-care device of thepatient-care devices 4202A-4202C can broadcast patient-care parameters,e.g., a patient-treatment parameter such as an infusion rate to asubscribed device or a paired device (see FIG. 67). For example, theinfusion pump 4202A, a hub 4204, a remote communicator 4206, a nurses'station 4208, or a bedside computer 4210 may receive the broadcastedsignal, such as from a temperature probe (e.g., the infusion pump 4202Ais subscribed to the temperature probe). The data may have differentlevels of encryption such that all data is not accessible to all clients(e.g., devices subscribing to another device may need to have a minimallevel of security priority). The broadcasted signal may be the samesignal received by the tablet 4212 or a subset thereof. The broadcastedmessages may use a cross-platform protocol, e.g., http, https, etc.

FIG. 67 shows a timing diagram 4300 of communications for the system4200 of FIG. 66 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. The timing diagram 4300 illustrates the communications usingan electronic medical records application programming interface executedon the tablet 4212. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, adrug error reduction system and/or Guardrails (or a cached versionthereof) may be exists on the hub 4204 or an infusion pump of theinfusion pumps 4202A-4202C to provide redundant patient safety when thesystem 4200 is not in operative communication with electronic medicalrecords on the one or more servers 4214.

Timing diagram 4300 includes acts 4302 to 4354. During act 4302, a userupdates a prescription in an application (“app”) in a computer or amonitoring client, e.g., a tablet. Act 4304, the updated prescription iscommunicated to one or more servers in an EMR. Act 4306 checks theprescription in DERS to determine if it is safe for any patient or theparticular patient, e.g., using predetermined criteria. Act 4308communicates the safety information from the DERS system to theapplication on the monitoring client or computer application. Act 4310receives the safety information. Act 4312 communicates the prescriptionfrom the tablet or computer application to an API of a hub, via an EMRapplication programming interface (“API”) of the hub in act 4314. TheAPI may include a secure data class. Act 4316 communicates theprescription to the pump in act 4318, which in turn, communicates theprescription to the pump in act 4320. Act 4322 requests userconfirmation of the prescription on the pump user interface, e.g., via atouch screen. After confirmation, the confirmation is communicated tothe pump in act 4324, which is received in act 4326. During act 4326,therapy is started, and status information is communicated via act 4328to the pump status UI, which is displayed to the user in act 4330.

Also, status information is communicated in acts 4332 and 4334. In act4326, status information is received by the hub which broadcasts thestatus via WiFi in act 4338. The tablet application receives the statusinformation during act 4340 from a communication of the status duringact 4342. During act 4346, status information is interfaced via an EMRAPI, which is communicated to an tablet or computer app via act 4348,which is received in act 4350. The status information is communicated inact 4352 to the EMR database, which updates the EMR database in act4354. In some embodiments communication between the EMR and theAllscripts Tablet/Computer App or the Hub is through middleware (e.g.,middleware on the monitoring server 3 of FIG. 1).

FIGS. 68A-68B show a flow chart diagram of a method 4335 illustratingthe timing diagram of FIG. 67 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Method 4335 includes acts 4301-4333.

Act 4301 updates a prescription for a patient in an application. Act4303 queries, from the application, electronic medical records on aserver to determine the safety of the updated prescription for thepatient. Act 4305 communicates the determined safety of the updatedprescription for the patient from the server to the application. Act4307 communicates the updated prescription from the application to anAPI of a hub. The API may include a secure data class. In someembodiments, the communication of Act 4307 occurs through middleware(e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 of FIG. 1). Act 4309determines the safety, within the hub, of the updated prescription(e.g., in some embodiments DERS checks and/or prescription checks). Insome embodiments, Acts 4309 is optional. In some embodiments, Act 4311communicates the updated prescription from the hub to the pump. Act 4311is optional in some embodiments.

Act 4313 displays a confirmation request of the updated prescription ona user interface of the pump. Act 4315 confirms the updated prescriptionon the user interface of the pump. Act 4317 pumps fluid in accordancewith the updated prescription. Act 4319 displays a parameter on the userinterface of the pump. Act 4321 communicates the parameter from the pumpto the hub. Act 4323 wirelessly broadcasts the parameter from the hub.Act 4325 communicates the parameter from the hub to a monitoring client,e.g., a tablet. Act 4327 displays the parameter on a user interface ofthe monitoring client. Act 4329 communicates the parameter and/or theupdated prescription from the hub to the application using an API of thehub. Act 4331 communicates the parameter and/or the updated prescriptionfrom the application to the server. Act 4333 updates the parameterand/or the updated prescription within the electronic medical records inthe server. In some embodiments, Act 4333 communicates throughmiddleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 of FIG. 1).

FIG. 69 shows an electronic patient-care system 4400 and FIG. 70 showsan electronic patient-care system 4500. In some embodiments, anelectronic medical records application may reside on a tablet 4402 asshown in FIG. 69 and/or in a bedside computer 4502 of FIG. 70.Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the electronicmedical records application may reside in a hub, an infusion pump, atablet, a patient-care device, some other device or apparatus, somecombination thereof, or may not be utilized. The scanner 4404 may beused to determine if the medication, e.g., an infusion bag, matches theprescription prescribed for an identified patient, e.g., the patient maybe identified using the scanner 4404.

FIG. 71 shows a timing diagram 4600 illustrating, in accordance withsome embodiments of the present disclosures, a method in which aninfusion pump 4408A and/or a hub 4406 requests from the tablet 4402which prescription was prescribed for a patient by querying anelectronic medical records application executed on the tablet 4402. Auser may enter the patient's identification or the patient'sidentification is scanned using the scanner 4404. The electronic medicalrecords application executed on the tablet 4402 may request theprescribed medication from the one or more servers 4410. A tabletapplication may request the user to choose from a list of availableprescriptions if there are multiple prescriptions, e.g., multipleinfusion-pump-based prescriptions.

The timing diagram 4600 illustrates acts 4602-4652. Act 4602 requests,using a monitoring client during act 4604, a list of prescription for apatient after identifying the patient. Act 4602 “pulls” the prescriptioninformation from the monitoring client. The patient may be identifiedusing a barcode scanner, an RFID interrogator, voice- orfacial-recognition, or via manual entry. The tablet communicates thepatient's ID during act 4606 using an EMR API to a tablet or computerapplication of 4608. The API may include a secure data class. Thepatient's identity is communicated in act 4610 to an EMR database, whichin act 4612, communicates the list of prescription to an EMR API duringact 4614, which is received by the EMR program running on the monitoringclient or computer app in act 4616, which in turn communicates them inact 4618 to the monitoring client application. The communication betweenthe EMR Tablet/Computer Application and the EMR database may be viamiddleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 of FIG. 1).

The monitoring client, e.g., a tablet, in act 4620, can display thevarious prescriptions for the patient for user selection. The selectedprescription is communicated in act 4622 to the hub, which can check theprescription in act 4624 and communicate the prescription to the pump inact 4626. The pump validates, either automatically by ensuring theprescription is within predetermined criteria, e.g., using DERS, in act4628, or by requesting user validation. Additionally or alternatively, auser can validate the prescription using the pump UI.

The validated prescription of act 4628 is communicated in act 4630 tothe hub, which in act 4632 communicates in act 4634 it to the monitoringclient application. In act 4636, a user can accept the prescription,which is then communicated in act 4638 to the hub. The acceptedprescription's communications occurs in act 4640 communicates it via act4642 to the pump. In act 4644, the pump communicates the prescription tothe pump UI in act 4646, in which the user can confirm the prescriptionin act 4642. The confirmation is sent to the pump in act 4650. Act 4652runs the therapy.

FIGS. 72A-72B show a flow chart diagram of a method 4653 illustratingthe timing diagram of FIG. 71 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Method 4653 includes acts 4655-4691.

Act 4655 determines an identity of a patient using a monitoring-clientapplication in a monitoring client, e.g., a tablet. Act 4657communicates the identity of the patient from the monitoring-clientapplication to an API. Act 4659 queries, from the API, electronicmedical records on a server to determine at least one prescription forthe patient. In some embodiments, the Act 4659 queries throughmiddleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 of FIG. 1) tothe electronic medical records. Act 4661 communicates the determined atleast one prescription for the patient from the server to the API. Act4663 communicates the determined at least one prescription for thepatient from the API to the monitoring-client application in themonitoring client. Act 4665, optionally, displays on a user display ofthe monitoring client a user selectable list of the at least oneprescription. Act 4667, optionally, selects a prescription of the atleast one prescription using the display on the monitoring client. Act4669 communicates the selected prescription and/or the at least oneprescription from the monitoring client to the hub.

Act 4671 communicates the selected prescription and/or the at least oneprescription from the hub to the pump. Act 4673 validates the selectedprescription and/or the at least one prescription. Act 4675 communicatesthe selected prescription and/or the at least one prescription from thepump to the hub. Act 4677 communicates the selected prescription and/orthe at least one prescription from the hub to the monitoring-clientapplication of the monitoring client. Act 4679 displays a confirmationrequest of the validated prescription on the user interface of themonitoring client. Act 4681 confirms the validated prescription on theuser interface of the monitoring client. Act 4683 communicates thevalidated prescription from the monitoring-client application of themonitoring client to the hub. Act 4685 communicates the validatedprescription from the hub to the pump. Act 4687 displays a confirmationrequest of the validated prescription on a user interface of the pump.Act 4689 confirms the validated prescription on the user interface ofthe pump. Act 4691 pumps fluid in accordance with the validatedprescription.

FIG. 73 shows a timing diagram 4700 in which a prescription is pushed tothe infusion pump 4408A. Additionally or alternatively, the electronicmedical records application also can be located on the device hub 4406which maintain the electronic medical records application programminginterface across multiple devices. Method 4700 includes acts 4702-4726.Middleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 of FIG. 1) maybe utilized, in some embodiments, between the EMR databases and the EMRtablet/computer application.

In act 4702, a user updates a prescription in an EMR application on amonitoring client, e.g., a tablet or a computer. The update may be a newprescription of a modified prescription. The updated prescription iscommunicated to the application in act 4704. The application processesthe update in act 4706, and commutes it in act 4719 to the EMR database.In act 4708, DERS checks the updated prescription. The updatedprescription is communicated, in act 4710, to the EMR monitoring clientor computer application, which is processed in act 4712. Afterprocessing, in act 4714, the updated prescription is communicated via anEMR API to a monitoring client application, which is processed in act4721. The monitoring client communicates it, in act 4716, to the pump.The pump processes the updated prescription in act 4718 and communicatesit to the pump in act 4720. A user confirms the updated prescription inact 4722, which is communicated to the pump in act 4724. The therapy isapplied in act 4726.

FIG. 74 shows a flow chart diagram of a method 4701 illustrating thetiming diagram of FIG. 73 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Method 4701 includes acts 4703-4717.

Act 4703 updates a prescription for a patient in an application. Act4705 queries, from the application, electronic medical records on aserver to determine the safety of the updated prescription for thepatient. Act 4707 communicates the determined safety of the updatedprescription for the patient from the server to the application. Act4709 communicates the updated prescription from the application to anAPI of a monitoring client. Act 4711 communicates the updatedprescription from the monitoring client to the pump. Act 4713 displays aconfirmation request of the updated prescription on a user interface ofthe pump. Act 4715 confirms the updated prescription on the userinterface of the pump. Act 4717 pumps fluid in accordance with theupdated prescription.

FIG. 75 shows a timing diagram 4800 in which the hub 4406 communicatesto the infusion pump 4408A for user confirmation of the prescription.That is, the method 4800 of FIG. 75 is similar to method 4700 of FIG.73; however, the hub includes the EMR API and processes it in act 4802.

FIG. 76 shows a flow chart diagram of a method 4801 illustrating thetiming diagram of FIG. 75 is accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Method 4801 includes acts 4803-4817.

Act 4803 updates a prescription for a patient in an application. Act4805 queries, from the application, electronic medical records on aserver to determine the safety of the updated prescription for thepatient. Act 4807 communicates the determined safety of the updatedprescription for the patient from the server to the application. Act4809 communicates the updated prescription from the application to anAPI of a hub. Act 4811 communicates the updated prescription from thehub to the pump. Act 4813 displays a confirmation request of the updatedprescription on a user interface of the pump. Act 4815 confirms theupdated prescription on the user interface of the pump. Act 4817 pumpsfluid in accordance with the updated prescription.

FIGS. 77 and 78 show embodiments in which the hub 4406 communicates withthe one or more servers 4410, e.g., to determine if the prescription issafe for the patient, etc.

FIG. 79 shows a timing diagram 5100 for user confirmation of theprescription on the pump's 4408A user interface. The timing diagram 5100implements a method that includes acts 5102-5130. Act 5102 requestsprescriptions from an EMR using a monitoring client's app, which iscommunicated in act 5104 and processed by act 5106. The request 5102 maybe made via patient identification. The tablet communicates the requestin act 5108 via an EMR API to the EMR database. Act 5110 processes therequest and communicates back via the EMR API in act 5112. Themonitoring client processes the prescriptions received from the EMRdatabase in act 5114.

The monitoring client communicates the prescriptions in act 5116 to thepump, which validates the prescription in act 5118 and communicates itin act 5120 to the monitoring client's application. The user can acceptthe prescription in act 5122, which is communicated to the pump and thepump's UI in act 5124. In act 5126, a user can confirm the prescriptionon the pump. The confirmation is communicated to the pump in act 5128,which then is executed in acct 5130.

FIGS. 80A-80B show a flow chart diagram of a method 5101 illustratingthe timing diagram of FIG. 79 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Method 5105 includes acts 5103-515128.

Act 5103 determines an identity of a patient using a monitoring-clientapplication in a monitoring client, e.g., a tablet. Act 5105 queries,from an API, electronic medical records on a server to determine atleast one prescription for the patient. Act 5107 communicates thedetermined at least one prescription for the patient from the server tothe monitoring-client application. Act 5109, optionally, displays on auser display of the monitoring client a user selectable list of the atleast one prescription. Act 5111, optionally, selects a prescription ofthe at least one prescription using the display on the monitoringclient. Act 5113 communicates the selected prescription and/or the atleast one prescription from the monitoring client to the pump. Act 5115validates the selected prescription and/or the at least oneprescription. Act 5117 communicates the validated prescription from thepump to the monitoring client. Act 5119 displays a confirmation requestof the validated prescription on the user interface of the monitoringclient.

Act 5121 confirms the validated prescription on the user interface ofthe monitoring client. Act 5123 communicates the validated prescriptionfrom the monitoring client to the pump. Act 5125 displays a confirmationrequest of the validated prescription on the user interface of the pump.Act 5127 confirms the validated prescription on the user interface ofthe pump. Act 5129 pumps fluid in accordance with the validatedprescription.

FIG. 81 shows a timing diagram 5200 in which the hub 4406 communicateswith the one or more servers 4410 to communicate with electronic medicalrecords. The method implemented by the timing diagram 5200 includes acts5202-5238. Middleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 ofFIG. 1) may be utilized, in some embodiments, between the EMR databasesand the EMR tablet/computer application.

In act 5202, a user requests prescription from an EMR via a monitoringclient application, which is communicated in act 5204 and processed byact 5206. The monitoring client application interfaces with the EMR APIof the hub in act 5208, which is processed by act 5210. The EMR APIrequests in act 5212 the prescriptions, which is processed in act 5214.

The prescriptions are communicated in act 5216 to the hub, whichprocesses them in act 5218 and communicates them in act 5220 to themonitoring client's application for processing in act 5222. Theprescriptions are communicated in act 5224 to the pump for validation inact 5226. The validation is communicated in act 5228 for user acceptancein act 5230, which is communicated to the pump in act 5232. The user canconfirm the prescription in act 5234, which is communicated in act 5236for starting the therapy in the pump in act 5238.

FIGS. 82A-82B show a flow chart diagram of a method 5201 illustratingthe timing diagram of FIG. 81 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Method 5201 includes acts 5203-5233.

Act 5203 determines an identity of a patient using a monitoring-clientapplication in a monitoring client, e.g., a tablet. Act 5205communicates the identity of a patient from the monitoring-clientapplication to an API on the hub. Act 5207 queries, from the API,electronic medical records on a server to determine at least oneprescription for the patient. Acts 5205 and/or 5207 may utilizemiddleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 of FIG. 1). Act5209 communicates the determined at least one prescription for thepatient from the server to the API of the hub. Act 5211 communicates thedetermined at least one prescription from the API of the hub to themonitoring-client application. Act 5213, optionally, displays on a userdisplay of the monitoring client a user selectable list of the at leastone prescription. Act 5215, optionally, selects a prescription of the atleast one prescription using the display on the monitoring client. Act5217 communicates the selected prescription and/or the at least oneprescription from the monitoring client to the pump. Act 5219 validatesthe selected prescription and/or the at least one prescription. Act 5221communicates the validated prescription from the pump to the monitoringclient. Act 5223 displays a confirmation request of the validatedprescription on the user interface of the monitoring client.

Act 5225 confirms the validated prescription on the user interface ofthe monitoring client. Act 5227 communicates the validated prescriptionfrom the monitoring client to the pump. Act 5229 displays a confirmationrequest of the validated prescription on the user interface of the pump.Act 5231 confirms the validated prescription on the user interface ofthe pump. Act 5233 pump fluids in accordance with the validatedprescription.

FIG. 83-89 show several additional embodiments of an electronicpatient-care system in accordance with several embodiments of thepresent disclosure. FIG. 83 shows a system 5300 where an electronicmedical records application interfaces with electronic medical recordson one or more servers 3516 to display some of the patient's electronicmedical records on a user interface of a tablet 3514 and/or the hub3804. A subset of the data from the electronic medical records receivedfrom the one or more servers 3516 may be displayed on a display on aninfusion pump 3504 (e.g., the medication being delivered by the infusionpump 3504). Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, a subsetof data from the electronic medical records may be cached on the hub. Insome embodiments, the hub may communicate with the medical IT systemsthrough middleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 of FIG.1).

FIG. 84 shows a system 5400 where an electronic medical recordsapplication interfaces with electronic medical records on one or moreservers 4410 to display some of the patient's electronic medical recordson a user interface of a bedside computer 4204 and/or the hub 4406. Asubset of the data from the electronic medical records received from theone or more servers 4410 may be displayed on a display on an infusionpump 4408A (e.g., the medication being delivered by the infusion pump4408A). Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, a subset ofdata from the electronic medical records may be cached on the hub and/orthe bedside computer. In some embodiments, the hub may communicate withthe medical IT systems through middleware (e.g., middleware on themonitoring server 3 of FIG. 1).

FIG. 85 shows a system 5500, which may be an independent system or issystem 5400 of FIG. 84 when the communication with the one or moreservers 4410 is interrupted. FIG. 86 shows a system 5600, which may bean independent system or is system 5400 of FIG. 84 when thecommunication with the one or more servers 4410 is interrupted. In FIGS.85-86, the prescription may can to be programmed into the systems 5500,5600 without access to an electronic medical records server of the oneor more servers 4410. The prescription may be adjusted on the tablet4402, the bedside computer 4502, or the infusion pump 4408A. The hub5804 may communicate with the scanner, the bedside computer 4502, and/orthe infusion pumps 4408A-4408C wirelessly and/or via a wired connection.In some specific embodiments, the monitoring client 4402, the hub,and/or the bedside computer can be programmed without EMR data, but maybe compared to local version of Guardrails.

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 87 shows a system 5700 forelectronically treating a patient. The hub 5702 communicates with theone or more servers 5704 using a networking API or a local API to aresident electronic medical records application that handles thecommunication to the one or more servers. The pumps 5706A-5706C are usedto program and run the treatment. The hub 5702 may communicate with thescanner and/or the medical IT systems 5704 wirelessly and/or via a wiredconnection.

FIG. 88 shows a system 5800 not having a tablet, or a bedside computer.System 5800 may be system 5700 of FIG. 87 when communication to the oneor more servers 5704 is unavailable 5704. The infusion pump 5802A isprogrammed using the user interface on the pump 5802A, and a cached setof predetermined safety criteria (e.g., Guardrails) exists in either thehub 5804 or in the pumps 5802A-5802C. The predetermined safety criteriamay be based upon the drug delivered, the patient, allergies, or storeddrug contraindications and may prevent unsafe treatment settings frombeing delivered to the patient. The hub 5804 may communicate with thescanner and/or the infusion pumps 5802A, 5802B, and/or 5802C wirelesslyand/or via a wired connection.

FIG. 89 shows a system 5900 with several infusion pumps. System 5900 maybe system 5800 of FIG. 88 when communication with the hub isunavailable. The infusion pumps 5902A-5902C may be directly controlledusing each respective user interface on the pump, and a set ofpredetermined criteria (e.g., DERS) may be cached therein to ensure themedication is not delivered outside predetermined criteria; in someembodiments, no DERS is cached within the infusion pumps 5902A-5902C,and/or permanent DERS data is stored internally within non-volatilememory.

FIG. 90 shows a block diagram of circuitry 6000 of a hub disclosedherein. Additionally or alternatively, the circuitry 6000 may be usedwithin a dock, a communication module, or a pump disclosed elsewhereherein. The circuitry 6000 may interface into a bus or hub tocommunicate with several devices via the device module interface and/orto provide power thereto. Circuitry 6000 includes a first failsafe line6002 that may be activated by a device processor subsystem 6004, and asecond failsafe line 6006 that may be activated by an interfaceprocessor subsystem 6008. The first and second failsafe lines 6002,6006, are fed into an OR gate 6010, which has an output for an outputfailsafe line 6012. If ether the device process subsystem 6004 or theinterface processor subsystem 6008 detects a fault or error, the firstor second failsafe lines 6002, 6006 can activate the output failsafeline 6012. The failsafe line 6012 may be coupled to appropriatecircuitry and/or devices in response to the output failsafe line 6012,e.g., an automatic occluding device that can automatically prevent fluidflow through an intravenous line when it receives a signal from theoutput failsafe line 6012. In some embodiments, a patient-care devicecoupled to the device module interface may request one or more voltagesfrom the regulated power supplies, which each may be a buck, a boost, ora buck-boost power supply.

FIG. 91 is a block diagram of circuitry 6100 for interfacing with aninfusion pump. Additionally or alternatively, the circuitry 6100 may bein a dock or hub disclosed herein that connects to a pump and/or thecircuitry 6100 may be an attachable module attachable to an infusionpump, e.g., a communications module. The circuitry 6100 may interfaceinto a bus or hub to communicate with several devices via the devicemodule interface and/or to provide power thereto. In some embodiments,the interface processor subsystem may communicate with device coupled toa device hub interface using a wireless link and/or near-fieldcommunications.

FIG. 92 shows a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system 6200that includes a tablet dock 6202, infusion pumps 6204A-6204D, a dock6206 for receiving the infusion pumps 6204A-6204D, and a tablet 6208. Inalternative embodiments, the tablet 6208 is integrated into the tabletdock 6202. In additional embodiments, the docks 6202 and 6206 areintegrated together. In yet additional alternative embodiments, the dock6202, the dock 6206, and the tablet 6208 are integrated together. Thetablet 6208 provides the primary user interface using a display 62010.The dock 6202 includes a memory for caching or storing a user interfacetemplate or a user interface program for displaying a user interface onthe display 6210 for a patient-care device, e.g., infusion pumps6204A-6204D. The tablet 6208 may be used to order a prescription orverify a prescription using one or more servers 6212 having a drug errorreduction system, e.g., using the scanner 6214. In some embodiments,there may be middleware (e.g., middleware on the monitoring server 3 ofFIG. 1) between the medical IT system 6212 and the dock 6206. The userinterface template or a user interface program is configured to displayon the display 6210 aggregate data from the infusion pumps 6204A-6204D,and acts as a backup alarm if one or more of the infusion pumps6204A-6204D fails. Additionally or alternative, the dock 6206 alarms ifone or more of the infusion pumps 6204A-6204D fails using an internalspeaker and/or an internal vibration motor.

The dock 6206 may aggregate data from the infusion pumps 6204A-6204D andpass the aggregated data to the tablet 6208. Each of the infusion pumps6204A-6204D includes a respective display 6216A-6216D. The displays6216A-6216D can be used for adjusting flow rates during infusion(predetermined safety criteria may be loaded while programming aprescription through the tablet 6208). An infusion can be startedwithout the drug error reduction system's predetermined safety criteriaby adjusting the flow rate from zero on a user interface displayed onthe displays 6216A-6216D. The displays 6216A-6216D may also displaysalerts and alarms both visually and with auditory indication.

The dock 6206 includes a power entry module, medical grade powersupplies, and a backup battery. The dock 6206 also contains all of thecommunications hardware to interface to the tablet 6208 and to themedical IT systems, i.e., the one or more servers 6212. The dock 6206may include hardware for traveling, such as a pole, and pole mountinghardware.

During programming of a prescription, the personalized drug errorreduction system setting, e.g., predetermined safety criteria, isreceived directly from the one or more servers 6212. The tablet 6208 maybe used to facilitate entering in a patient's ID and medication.Communication between the tablet 6208 and the one or more server 6212may occur through the dock 6206. The predetermined safety criteria fromthe general drug error reduction system are cached on the dock 6206 orin one or more of the infusion pumps 6204A-6204D. In case the drug errorreduction system is unavailable from the one or more servers 6212, thelocally cached predetermined safety criteria from the drug errorreduction system is updated through the network (e.g., WiFi) when it isavailable again.

The dock 6206 has enough battery to support 8 hours of operation of thehub dock 6206 and of the infusion pumps 6114A-6114D. The tablet 110 mayor may not have its own battery. In some embodiments, the infusion pumps6204A-6204D may have enough battery (or other backup power) to supportsaving data when being pulled out of the dock 6206 and for alarming.This alarming capability and separate battery may also be moved to thedock 6206.

The pump's UI display on a display of the displays 6216A-6216D may besmall. For example, in some embodiments, the displays 6216A-6216D may bejust large enough so that only flow rate may be adjusted. This willallow an infusion to be started without entering in any otherinformation. Since the patient's ID and/or drug name may be enteredbefore accessing the EMR, there is limited data from a drug errorreduction system or guardrails from the one or more servers 6212 ifinfusion is started without the tablet 6208. If the infusion isprogrammed with the tablet and then later the tablet is removed from thesystem the pump can continue to implement the guardrails feature relatedto the current prescription.

FIG. 93 shows a block diagram of circuitry 6300 for the hub 6206 of FIG.92, or for a communications module 124A-124K of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, or9. Additionally or alternatively, the circuitry 6300 may be used in apump or a dock described herein. The circuitry 6300 may interface into abus or hub to communicate with several devices via the device moduleinterface and/or to provide power thereto. A tablet (not shown) coupledto a tablet UI interface 6302 may have its own power supply (notexplicitly shown). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, thecircuitry 6300 can supply power to a tablet.

FIG. 94 shows a block diagram of circuitry 6400 for the hub 6206 of FIG.92, or for a communications module 124A-124K of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, or9. Additionally or alternatively, the circuitry 6400 may be used in adock or a pump described herein. The circuitry 6400 may interface into abus or hub to communicate with several devices via the disposableinterface and/or to provide power thereto. In some embodiments of thepresent disclosure, the circuitry 6300 can supply power to a tablet.

FIG. 95 shows a system 6500 having an extended battery 6502, an infusionpump 6504, and a wall wart 6506. System 6500 may operate without a drugerror reduction system from a server. A display 6508 on the infusionpump 6504 may be used to enter in drug information and control theinfusion rate. In some embodiments, drug error reduction system data iscached in memory of the infusion pump 6504 and updated through docking.

FIG. 96 shows a system 6600 having an infusion pump 6504 coupled to adevice hub 6602. The infusion pump has 6504 has an ability to initiatedelivery. Emergency modes with limited generic Drug Error ReductionSystem based on a subset of drugs easily picked from a list may becached on the device hub 6602 and/or the infusion pump 6504. Theinfusion pump 6504 may be started without data from a drug errorreduction system.

FIG. 97 shows a system 6700 having a tablet 6702 allowing access to theinfusion pump 6504 through the tablet's 6702 interface. The tablet's6702 user interface may reside in the device hub 6602. DERS may resideon the tablet 6702, on the device hub, and/or on the infusion pump 6504.A wall wart 6506 can supply power to the tablet 6702, the device hub6602, and/or the infusion pump 6504.

The device hub 6602 may have a physical or wireless connection to thetablet 6702. The device hub 6602 may include a cradle (not shown) forthe tablet 6702. The tablet 6702 could optionally be rigidly attached tothe device hub 6602.

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 98 shows a system 6800 having a dock6804 (which may be a cradle in some embodiments), pump modules6802A-6802C, a device hub 6602, and tablet 6702 plug into a backplane ofthe dock 6804 (or in some embodiments, cradle). In addition, a powermodule 6804 includes power entry and extra battery that may be pluggedinto or is integrated into the dock 6806. The device hub 6602 is themaster for communication between all other modules as well as IT systemsvia one or more servers (not shown). Although the infusion pumps6802A-6802C are removable in the embodiment shown in FIG. 98, othercomponents may be modular or integrated together in other embodiments.

The infusion pumps 3802A-3802C generally contain pumping mechanisms andelectronics that can run a pumping mechanism. In one specificembodiment, the device hub 6602 includes backup power for one or moreinfusion pumps 3802A-3802C, a processor for aggregating data and hostingthe tablet's 6702 UI model (e.g., a user-interface template) and modularcommunications hardware

The tablet 6702 may include a touch screen 6808. The wall wart 6506provides AC-to-DC conversion, and is coupled to the power module 6804which contains all the power entry module and an AC/DC power supply. Thewall wart 6506 is optional and/or an AC-to-DC converted may beincorporated into the power module 6804. The power module 6804 may alsoinclude an extended battery to run multiple pump modules. The dock 6806includes a back plane connecting together the various components.

FIG. 99 shows electronic circuitry 6900 of a device hub, e.g., devicehub 6602 of FIG. 96, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Additionally or alternatively, the circuitry 6900 may beused in a pump, a dock or a communication module described herein. Thecircuitry 6900 may interface into a bus or hub to communicate withseveral devices via the device patient-care interface 6916 and/or toprovide power thereto. Circuitry 6900 includes various power sources, auser interface, communications, sensors, and actuators. Circuit 6900includes AC mains 6902, DC power 6904, wireless power 6906, e.g.,inductive, and an external battery connection 6908.

The AC mains 6902 may be a direct connection to mains, such as throughan AC outlet. The AC mains 6902 are coupled to a power entry andcharging circuit 6910 which can rectify and convert the AC signal fromthe AC mains 6902 to a DC signal. The DC signal from the power entryAC/DC universal supply 6910 is fed into the DC power entry and chargingcircuit 6912.

The DC power 6904 receives DC power from a DC power source, such as thewall wart 6506 of FIG. 95 or from a backplane or another externalbattery (not explicitly shown).

The wireless power 6906 may receive energy wirelessly. For example, thewireless power 6906 may include a coil that receives a time-varyingmagnetic field such that a voltage across the coil is induced; theinduced AC signal is rectified and smoothed via a smoothing circuit andcoupled to the DC power entry/charging circuit 6910.

The circuitry 6900 also includes a primary battery 6914, an externalbattery 6908, and a secondary battery 6920. The primary battery 6914 isused to supply power to one or more patient-care devices coupled to thepatient-care device interface 6916 and a tablet (not shown) coupled to atablet interface 6918. The interface 6916 may connect to none, one, or aplurality of patient-care devices through one or more communicationstechnologies. The tablet interface 6918 may couple directly to a tabletor is coupled to a user interface of a tablet. The external batteryconnection 6908 may be electrical connectors (not explicitly shown) thatare adapted for electrical coupling with one or more battery cellslocated in a separate housing of the electronic circuitry 6900. Theexternal battery 6908 may supplement the primary battery 6914 or replacethe primary battery 6914 in the event the primary battery 6914 fails.The secondary battery 6920 may be a super-capacitor 6920. In someembodiments, the secondary battery 6920 may be used only in failuremodes where power is otherwise unavailable, e.g., the AC mains 6902fails and the external battery 6908 is removed or fails. The secondarybattery 6920 supplies sufficient power for a device processor subsystem6922 to alarm via a secondary buzzer 6824.

The circuitry includes various power supplies, such as hub regulatedpower supplies 6926, a gated independent supply from regulated devicepower supplies 6928, and a tablet regulated power supply 6930.

The hub regulated power supplies 6926 is used to for powering theelectric and sensors of the circuitry 6900. For example, the hubregulated power supplies 6926 are used to provide a voltage for aninterface processor subsystem 6932.

The regulated device power supplies 6928 may be gated and may provideone or more independent and regulated voltage supplies that are sent toone or more patient-care devices coupled to the patient-care deviceinterface 6916. The one or more regulated device power supplies 6928that are sent to one or more patient-care devices via the patient-caredevice interface 6916 are monitored by a current sense 6934 and areenabled by the device processor subsystem 6922. Additionally oralternatively, the regulated device power supplies 6928 may beprogrammable such that a patient-care device requests a voltage fromdevice processor subsystem 6922, which is turn, programs the regulateddevice power supplies 6928 to supply the requested voltage to thepatient-care device.

The tablet regulated power supply 6930 supplies DC power to a tabletcoupled to the tablet interface 6918. Additionally or alternatively, thecircuitry 6900 passes an AC signal from the through AC mains 6902 foruse by an internal power supply of the tablet (not shown in FIG. 99).

The circuitry 6900 also includes a user interface 6936 including abattery indicator 6938, status indicators lights 6940, and a LCD touchscreen 6942. The battery indicator 6938 shows the charge state andbattery state of the primary battery 6914. The status indicator lights6940 show the status of the hub, tablet, and any patient-care devicescoupled to the patient-care device interface 6916. The status indicatorlights 6940 may include one or more lights, e.g., LEDs, for eachpatient-care device coupled to the patient-care device interface 6916.For example, the status indicator lights 6940 may include a LED to showan alarm state and another LED to show a run state.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the LCD touch screen 6942may be the main display and input method for patient-care devicescoupled to the patient-care device interface 6916 which don't havedisplays. Additionally or alternatively, the LCD touch screen 6942displays verbose information about the hub, the hub's circuitry 6900,and/or patient-care devices coupled to the patient-care device interface6916. In addition, the LCD touch screen 6942 may be configured topassively output status information to a large display, such as anexternal TV screen.

The primary speaker 6944 may be used to provide voice guidance forpatient-care devices coupled to the patient-care device interface 6916that do not have displays or alarms when a tablet is not connected tothe tablet interface 6918 and/or is otherwise not available. Thesecondary buzzer 6924 is a backup buzzer and provides safety inconditions in which the primary speaker 6944 is unavailable or brokenand/or the interface processor subsystem 6932 is unavailable or broken.

In some embodiments of the present disclosures, hardware buttons 6946may be used for additional safety input to stop or provide input into apatient-care device that does not have its own display and there is notablet available.

The tablet interface 6918 is coupled to the interface 6932 such that theinterface processor subsystem 6932 can communicate with a tablet coupledto the tablet interface 6918. The tablet interface 6918 is coupled to aUSB interface 6947 and a Bluetooth interface 6948 (the Bluetoothinterface 6948 may be a Bluetooth Low energy interface.

The patient-care device interface 6916 provides interfaces to apatient-care device including a serial interface 6949, which may be aSPI, I2C, RS232, RS485, or any other serial protocol. The patient-caredevice interface 6916 also provides a CAN interface 6950, a USBinterface 6951, a Ethernet interface 6952, a WiFi Radio interface 6953,and a Bluetooth interface 6954.

The patient-care device interface 6916 may include a Wired Device ID6955 that facilitates patient-care device discovery of type, serialnumber, class, or performance characteristics of the patient-care deviceand its location in a multichannel cradle, dock, and/or hub. The wireddevice ID 6955 may be used to determine an optimal or preferredcommunications protocol based upon predetermined criteria. Additionallyor alternatively, a powering method may be chosen as a function of thewired device ID 6955 based upon predetermined criteria. The wire deviceID 6955 may be determined by communicating with a patient-care deviceattached to the patient-care device interface 6916 using a “one wire”device. Additionally or alternatively, the patient-care device interface6916 also includes a wireless device ID 6958 that facilitatepatient-care device discovery which may utilize a RFID interrogator,near field communications, or other wireless communications link tofacilitate patient-care device discovery of the type, serial number,class, or performance characteristics of the patient-care device and itslocation in a multichannel cradle, dock, and/or hub.

The patient-care device interface 6916 also includes a digital I/Ointerface 6956. The digital I/O interface 6956 may include multiplelines per patient-care device coupled to the patient-care deviceinterface 6916 that may be used for triggering actuators, enabling pinsas part of a safety system, or for be used for status lights on a hub orcradle.

The patient-care device includes also includes failsafe lines 6957.Either of the interface processor subsystem 6932 or the device processsubsystem 6922 can trigger one of the failsafe lines 6957 which are fedinto a logical OR 6977. The output of the logical OR 6977 can be coupledto a electromechanical occluding device (not shown) coupled to thepatient-care device interface 6916. In alternative embodiments, alogical AND is used in place of the logical OR 6977 such that both ofthe interface processor subsystem 6932 or the device process subsystem6922 must agree, in this specific embodiment, (i.e., both provide alogical true) prior to a “true” signal being sent to the patient-caredevice interface 6916 as a failsafe line.

The circuitry 6900 includes several communications links to IT systemsor one or servers 6967. The circuitry 6900 includes a WiFi interface6960, a 3G/4G interface 6961, and an Ethernet hub or switch interface6956. The 3G/4G interface 6961 facilitates operation of the hub havingthe circuit 6900 within a home environment. The 3G/4G interface 6961 maybe any cellular technology or long-range communications transceiver,e.g., Code division multiple access (“CDMA”), Time-division multiplexing(“TDM”), WiMax, Evolution-Data Optimized (“EVDO”), Orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (“OFDM”), Space-Division Multiple Access(“SDMA”), Time-Division Duplex (“TDD”), Time division multiple access(“TDMA”), Frequency-division duplexing (“FDD”), or the like.

The circuitry 6900 includes a barcode reader or camera 6962, which maybe used for patient Identification, clinician identification, and/orsolution/drug identification (e.g., by reading a 2-D barcode using thecamera).

The circuit 6900 may also include a transceiver 6963 for RFID, NFC, orother communication protocol for patient identification, clinicianidentification, and/or solution/drug identification or to determine thelocation of a patient-care device.

The circuitry 6900 can also include a communications expansion slot 6964so that future wired or wireless technologies may be modularily insertedinto the slot 6964. The slot 6964 may include one or more expansionconnectors and is internal to the case of the hub is externallyconnectable thereto. Additionally or alternatively, the expansion slot6964 may be a connection for an additional modules having a plurality offunctions, e.g., wireless communications functions, wired connections,and the like.

The circuitry 6900 may also include hub sensors 6965, such as atemperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a humidity sensor, and anaccelerometer. The circuitry 6900 may also include a vibration motor6966 for tactile feedback, e.g., when alarming or prompting a user forselection via a GUI on the tablet coupled to the tablet interface 6918.

FIG. 100 shows a block diagram of circuitry 7000 which shows oneembodiment of features that may be used for a patient-care device suchas a pump. That is, the device module interface may interface with aninfusion pump 7 of FIG. 1, for example. Additionally or alternatively,in some embodiments, the circuitry 7000 may be on a hub, a communicationmodule, a dock, or an infusion pump described herein. The circuitry 7000may interface into a bus or hub to communicate with several devices viathe device module interface and/or to provide power thereto. Circuitry7000 also includes various safety systems. This circuitry 7000 suppliesa method of battery backed-up power and communications to the tablet andIT systems. The circuitry 7000 receives power from an external wall wart(not shown) power supply for the hub and for the tablet. In someembodiments, the device hub processor subsystem includes an Ethernetconnection to the IT systems. In some embodiments, the device hubprocessor subsystem communicates with the monitoring client interfaceusing Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, near-fieldcommunications, etc.

FIG. 101 shows a block diagram of circuitry 7100. The circuitry 7100 maybe on a hub. And, the device module interface may interface with aninfusion pump 7 of FIG. 1, for example. Additionally or alternatively,in some embodiments, the circuitry 7100 may be on a hub, a communicationmodule, a dock, or an infusion pump described herein. The circuitry 7100may interface into a bus or hub to communicate with several devices viathe device module interface and/or to provide power thereto. Circuitry7100 includes a WiFi circuit 7102 and an Ethernet connection 7104 forcommunication with an IT system (e.g., as described herein) forflexibility in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.The speaker 7106 may also be useful for enunciating problems with thehub or dropped connections to the IT system. The tablet regulated powersupply is may facilitate the use of only one external power supply. Insome embodiments, the device hub processor subsystem communicates viathe monitoring client interface using Bluetooth, wifi, Bluetooth lowenergy, near-filed communications, etc. In some embodiments, the devicehub processor subsystem communications with the patient-care deviceinterface using Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy, USB, near-fieldcommunications, etc. FIG. 102 shows a battery only version, i.e., anextended battery as previously described. That is, the circuitry 7200 ofFIG. 102 may be the extended battery 6502 of FIG. 95 and may make thesystem 6500 wearable, for example. The extended batteries 6502 of FIG.95 may be stackable together (e.g., the circuitry 7200 includes atransceiver, such as SPI or CAN) such that multiple extended batteries6502 of FIG. 95 may be stacked together to power the infusion pump 6504.The circuitry 7200 may interface into a bus or hub to provide power toseveral devices (e.g., patient-care devices) via the device moduleinterface.

FIG. 103 shows a block diagram of circuitry 7300 for controllingmultiple infusion pumps with flexibility for expansion. For example, thedevice module interface may interface into multiple infusion pumps, oneinfusion pumps, or no infusion pumps. Additionally or alternatively, insome embodiments, the circuitry 7300 may be used in a dock, an infusionpump, a communication module, and/or a hub as described herein. Thecircuitry 7300 may interface into a bus or hub to communicate withseveral devices via the device module interface and/or to provide powerthereto. In some embodiments, the monitoring-client interface mayutilize Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy, or other communicationtechnology. In some embodiments, the device module interface (i.e.,patient-care device interface) may be coupled to a patient-care devicevia Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy, WiFi, and/or near-fieldcommunications. As can be seen with this example, CAN communication maybe used as the wired protocol to communicate with the infusion pumps.Some digital are IOS utilized to add some functionality to the pumpcradle, if necessary. The power entry and the AC/DC supply 7302 isinside the hub (i.e., inside of the circuitry 7300), and it suppliespower to the tablet, hub, and one or more infusion pumps. The infusionpumps coupled to circuitry 7300 may be “stand-alone” safe. An RFIDreader 7304 and the barcode reader/camera 7306 are included toauthenticate a patient, or provider. The com expansion slot 7308 isincluded to expand the communication functionality when other methodsare developed (e.g., peanut for authentication and location).

FIG. 104 shows circuitry 7400 for a hub described herein with a failsafeline 7402 and two processors 7404, 7406. Additionally or alternatively,in some embodiments, the circuitry 7400 may be used in a dock, aninfusion pump, and/or a communication module as described herein. Thecircuitry 7400 may interface into a bus or hub to communicate withseveral devices (e.g., patient-care devices) via the device moduleinterface and/or to provide power thereto. The processor 7406 may be asafety processor. The failsafe line 7402 may be activated by either ofthe two processors 7404, 7406. In some embodiments, the WiFi Radio maybe an Ethernet interface. In some embodiments, the CAN interface may bea Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy, WiFi, or other communicationstechnology.

Additional safety is provided by the failsafe line 7402. For example, apulse oximeter monitor can clamp a line if the pulse rate goes up or istoo high. That is, the failsafe line output may be coupled to anelectromechanical occluder. The hub circuitry 7400 could act as awatchdog and even monitor the output for range checking and sendfailsafe signals down to trigger the clamp if the process in the pulseoximeter is in error or is in a fault condition. The communication witha tablet may be wireless via the tablet UI interface 7408. The circuitry7400 may be wirelessly charged via wireless power 7410. A vibrationmotor may be added to give hepatic feedback when there is an alarm. Thecircuitry 7400 optionally includes two processors 7404, 7406 thatimplement a method for warning the user when an alarm or alert isissued. A secondary battery or super cap 7412 may provide backup powerwhen there is power failure. The circuit 7400 may be a pump module,e.g., a communications module, and/or a hub to attach to a cradle.

FIG. 105 shows a system 7500 for electronic patient care according toyet an additional embodiment of the present disclosure. System 7500includes a monitoring client, more particularly, a stackable monitoringclient 7502, and stackable patient-care devices, e.g., stackableinfusion pumps 7504A-7504D. The stackable monitoring client 7502includes a display 7506 that is pivots along a pivot 7508. The display7506 may be a touch screen. The stackable monitoring client 7502 mayinclude a tilt sensor, e.g., an accelerometer, to orient the display7506 such that it is always viewable to a user. Likewise, each of thestackable infusion pumps 7504A-7504D may include a respective display7510A-7510D that orientates itself based upon the its tilt, e.g., thedisplay may show letters in an upright position regardless whether thestackable infusion pumps 7504A-7504D are positioned in a horizontalorientation or a vertical orientation. Additionally or alternatively,each of the stackable infusion pumps 7504A-7504D may include a tiltsensor, e.g., an accelerometer.

The displays 7510A-7510D may be touch screen. Each display or thedisplays 7510A-7510D may include one or more buttons that orientatesitself based upon the tilt as indicated by an internal tilt. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 105, a button 7512 is shown as being in anupright position relative to the elongated length of the stackableinfusion pump 7504A. Referring to FIG. 106, the system 7500 is showntilted such that the button 7512 is shows as being in an uprightposition relative to the length of the stackable infusion pump 7504A.Also note that the display 7507 is further pivoted along the pivot 7508.FIG. 107 shows the display 7506 pivoted against the monitoring client7502. FIG. 108 shows the intravenous holes 7807A-7807D. FIG. 109illustrates additional range of pivoting along the pivot 7408. FIG. 110shows the infusion pump 7504B slidable into the stack.

FIGS. 111-112 show an additional embodiment of a stackable electronicpatient care system 8100 in which the stackable infusion pumps8102A-8102D are connected together through respective top (e.g.,connector 81004) and bottom connectors (not explicitly shown) such thatthe stackable infusion pumps 8102A-8102D are daisy chained together.FIG. 111 shows one configuration of the system 8100. FIG. 112illustrates that the infusion pump 81002D is detachable from the system8100. The infusion pump 8102D may include its own internal battery tocontinue operation, e.g., the infusion pump 8102D may have sufficientbattery power to continue to pump infusion fluid into a patient for apredetermined amount of time.

FIG. 113 illustrates that a monitoring client 8106 may includeconnectors to receive the infusion pump 8102D. The monitoring client8106 may have an attachable/detachable display 8110. FIG. 114illustrates that another monitoring client 8108 may be stacked onto thestackable infusion pump 8102D. The monitoring clients 8106, 8108 maycoordinate their operation. For example, the monitoring clients 8106,8108 may coordinate the supply of power to the infusion pumps such thatboth of the batteries of the infusion pumps 8106, 8106 supply power tothe system 8000.

FIG. 115 shows the connections 8402-8420 enabling stackable infusionpumps 8422, 8424 and a monitoring client 8426 to be coupled together ina daisy chain configuration. FIG. 116 shows slideable connections 8502,8504, 8506, 8508 such that the stackable infusion pumps 8422, 8424 and amonitoring client 8426 are daisy chained together. The slideableconnections 8502, 8504, 8506, 8508 may include electrical connectorenabling the stackable infusion pumps 8422, 8424 and a monitoring client8426 to communicate with each other.

FIG. 117 shows a system 8600 of a stackable monitoring client 8602 witha stackable infusion pump 8604 that connect together via a backplanepanels 8606, 8608. The backplane panel 8606 includes a connector 8610that matengly engages a connector 8612 of a backplane panel 8608.Additional backplane panels (not shown) may be added to example thebackplane in accordance with the number of monitoring clients, 8602 orinfusion pumps 8604 added thereto. FIG. 118 shows a cross-sectional viewof the backplane panel 8608 of FIG. 117.

FIG. 119 shows a system 8800 that includes a monitoring client, moreparticularly, a stackable monitoring client 8806, and stackablepatient-care devices, e.g., a stackable infusion pump 8802. Thestackable infusion pump 8802 slides into a dock 8804 in a direction “A.”

FIG. 120 shows a system 8900 where a stackable infusion pump 8902Bengages a dock 8904 via a connector 8509 when moved in direction “B.”

FIG. 121 shows a communication module 9000 in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. Communications modules 9000include connectors 9002, a LED status ring 9004, a RF antenna 9004, asnap-on connector 9006, a wireless charging coil 9008, a batterycharging and safety processor 9010, wireless communications and sensorprocessor 9012, and a battery 9014. The communications module 9000 ofFIG. 121 may be a communications module 124A-124K of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, or8. FIG. 122 shows the communications module 9000 coupled to apatient-care device 9100. FIG. 123 shows a diagram of electroniccircuitry 9200 of the communications module 9000 of FIG. 121 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 124 shows electronic circuitry 9300 for allowing a near fieldinterrogator (e.g., one operating at about 13.56 MHz) to read a 900 MHzUHF RFID tag. The electronic circuitry 9300 includes a heterodynetransfer oscillator. The circuit 93000 translates near fieldinterrogation signals to RFID interrogation signals. The electroniccircuitry 9300 may be used by the communications module 9000 of FIG. 90and/or a communications module 124A-124K of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, or 8 forenabling a near field communications circuit to interrogate an RFID tag.Each of the antennas may be replaced by an RF circuit to allow thecircuit to be used on an interrogator or a receiver. Additionally oralternatively, in other embodiments, the electronic circuitry may bearranged such that the UHF RFID interrogator is used to communicate witha near field communications device.

FIGS. 125-127 show several antennas in accordance with additionalembodiments of the present disclosure. FIGS. 125 and 126 show twosplit-ring resonators 12500, 12600 that may be used with a scanner,e.g., placed in from of an RFID or near field interrogator and/orantenna (for sending or receiving). The resonators 12500, 12600 are madeusing 0.028 thick FR-4 single-sided board with 0.5 oz copper. Trimmingmay be used to tune the resonators (as shown).

FIG. 127 shows a near field antenna 12700 for a UHF reader (e.g., a 915MHZ RFID reader), which focuses the near field pattern with a readerchip. Without a power amplifier, approximately 1.5 inches of read rangeis achieved. The antenna 12700 is made from a 0.028 thick FR-4, with acopper backing. Antenna 12700 may be used with a 10 pF shunt matchingelement.

FIG. 128 shows a patient wristband 12800 with an RFID tag 12802 attachedthereto in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.Because capacitance is observed when an RFID tag 12802 is attached to awristband of a patient, a split-ring resonator (“SRR”) 12804 may be usedsuch that it is 0.01 inches away from the patient. The dielectricloading from the capacitance of the patient knocks off the frequency ofthe RFID tag 12802; therefore, the SRR 12804 helps tune the RFID tag12802 by coupling the RFID tag 12802 more closely to the antenna. TheSRR 12804's resonant frequency should be slightly above the operatingfrequency of the RFID tag 12802. FIG. 129 shows a close-up view of thesplit-ring resonator 12804 for use on the wristband of FIG. 128.

The RFID tag 12802 of the patient's wristband 12800 may be writable. Ahub, dock, patient-care device, and/or monitoring client may write datarelated to a patient into the RFID tag 12802, including: (1) treatmenthistory such as flow rates, drug settings, vital signs, etc., (2) usagestatistics (patient-care parameters, patient-treatment parameters,patient-care device operating parameters, diagnostic information fromdocks, hubs and monitoring clients, and the like); (3) a intravenouspump flow parameter, an ECG parameter, a blood pressure parameter, apulse oximeter parameter, a CO2 capometer parameter, an intravenous bagparameter, and a drip-flow meter value; (4) patient parameter includesat least one of treatment progress of an infusion pump, anelectrocardiographic signal, a blood pressure signal, a pulse oximetersignal, a CO2 capnometer signal, and a temperature signal; (5)patient-treatment parameters, such as infusion settings including aninfusion rate or infusion pressure, and receive from it variousoperating parameters, such for example, the presence of air in theinfusion line, the amount of solution remaining in an IV bag to which itis connected, or the pressure of fluid in the infusion line. In someembodiments, the RFID tag 12802 includes only a predetermined amount ofpassed time (i.e., a rolling history) in its memory, e.g., 6 hours or 14hours of history on a 32 Kilobyte or 56 Kilobyte memory of the RFID tag12802, in some specific embodiments. In yet additional embodiments, theRFID tag 12802 may include a patient ID and/or a Near-Fieldcommunications receiver to receive the data.

FIG. 130 shows a split-ring resonator 13000 in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. The high Q, split-ring resonator13000 includes a capacitor 13002, which acts in the place of an air gap.The SRR 13000 may be placed approximately 8 inches away from a 13.56 MHZNFC loop antenna to enhance the loop antenna by as much as 10 dB. TheSRR 13000 may be designed to operate at 13.8 MHZ to reduce group-delaydistortion to the 13.56 MHZ digitally modulated signal. FIG. 131 showsan equivalent circuit 13100 for the SRR 13000 of FIG. 130 in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 132 shows a 5 R's checklist that may be displayed on any displaydisclosed herein. FIG. 133 shows an occlusion checklist that may bedisclosed on any display disclosed herein. FIG. 134 shows a display inoperative communication with several infusion pumps, e.g., a monitoringclient 1 or 11 of FIG. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, or 9.

FIG. 135 is an illustration of a display on a health care provider'sportable monitoring client, showing a list of patients whose informationthe provider can access in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 136 is an illustration of a display on a health care provider'sportable monitoring client, showing devices associated with a particularpatient, with current data from the devices and one-touch access to someof the patient's medical information in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. FIG. 137 is an illustration of a display on ahealth care provider's portable monitoring client, showing data entryfields for a prescription for a medication for use with an intravenousinfusion pump in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. FIG. 138 is an illustration of a display on a health careprovider's portable monitoring client, showing a risk profile associatedwith an ordered medication, and a suggested course of action, asgenerated by the Monitoring in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. FIG. 139 is an illustration of a display on a healthcare provider's portable monitoring client, showing a medicationprescription ready for submission by the ordering provider in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 140 is anillustration of a display on a health care provider's portablemonitoring client, showing how the Monitoring system can displayconfirmation to the ordering provider that the prescription has beentransmitted to the pharmacist in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

Example of Monitoring-assisted order entry

The functionality of the Patient Monitoring system can be illustrated byan example in which an ordering provider enters a new medicationprescription for a patient. In this scenario, the physician may view hislist of admitted patients on his hand-held device after entering theappropriate security pass code. In this example, the physician'spatients can be listed as shown in FIG. 97, with limited anduser-selectable information 26 on each patient, such as, for example,age, diagnosis, and medical record number. Alert symbols 27 may betransmitted by the monitoring client 1 to the physician's device 11 if,for example, orders for the patient 2 are incomplete, the nurse hasflagged the patient for attention, or if the monitoring client 1 hasreceived input from a database or a patient monitoring device 14-17 thathas exceeded a predetermined threshold for physician notification.

After the physician selects a patient for further review, a display suchas that shown in FIG. 135 may be transmitted to the physician's device11. The physician can view user-selectable data originating frommonitors 14-17 to which the patient is connected, and the physician mayhave one-touch access to a number of databases 19-21, 23 containingpatient-specific information. In an embodiment, the monitoring client 1may be connected or docked to an infusion pump 7 available for use withthe patient 2. In a scenario illustrated in FIG. 136, the physician canpress on the icon representing the infusion pump 7 to order anintravenous medication for the patient 2.

FIG. 137 shows one of a number of possible prescription ordering screenswith which a physician can remotely order a medication. In the exampleillustrated, the physician enters the drug IV Nitroglycerin 28, whichmay be entered by typing or via a drop-down display populated by thehospital pharmacy's formulary 22, accessed by the monitoring client 1via the Monitoring Server 3. The TDR′ button 29 may represent thephysician's one-touch access to an in-hospital 22 or proprietary drugdatabase 9 for detailed drug information. The physician can order thedose of medication, either directly or by accepting a default standardstarting dose 30 provided by the monitoring client 1 via the monitoringserver 3. The physician may also specify the maximum fluid infusion rate31 for the infusion pump 7, in order to assist the pharmacist inpreparing the proper concentration of the drug in a bag for infusion.

FIG. 138 shows an example of how the Patient Monitoring system candetect a risk of an adverse reaction after the physician has entered theprescription. The monitoring client 1 can compare the new medication 28to the patient's existing medications and drug allergy list downloadedfrom the EHR 19. The monitoring server 3 preferably will have populatedthe appropriate patient-specific data into the monitoring client 1, andthe client 1 will be programmed to look up this information after thenew medication order has been entered. The monitoring client 1 may beprogrammed to request a listing of significant adverse reactions anddrug interactions associated with each of the patient's medications andthe new medication 28 from the monitoring server 3. The server 3, inturn can access a pharmacy database 22 or external database 9 for thisinformation. If a potential drug interaction or adverse reaction commonto an existing medication and the new medication 28 are detected, themonitoring client 1 may issue a warning 32 and transmit it to theordering physician, as shown in FIG. 138. If the potential adversereaction is due to an effect common to both the new medication and anexisting medication, the monitoring client 1 may categorize this as apotentially additive adverse effect and issue a recommendation 33 toreduce the initial drug dose, for example, by 50%.

As shown in FIG. 139, the ordering physician has the option either toaccept the recommendation 33 or edit the recommended dose to anothervalue. In any event, the monitoring client 1 may generate and log areport 34 of the warning 32 and any corrective action 33, if any, takenby the physician, with the option for the physician to further edit thereport before logging and entry into the patient's EHR 19.

Once the medication dosing is finally determined, the monitoring client1 can forward the order to the communication devices of both thehospital pharmacist 6 and the patient's nurse 5. A report of theaccomplishment of this task may then be transmitted back to the orderingphysician 11, as shown in FIG. 140. The pharmacist can use theinformation provided by the ordering physician to mix an appropriateconcentration of the medication in a solution bag. Both the medicationvial and the solution bag may have identification tags, such as, e.g.,bar code identifiers, that can be read into the pharmacist's monitoringclient 6, and which can be verified as correct by the monitoring client1 (using the pharmacy database 22 as accessed by the monitoring server3). The pharmacist may then generate a unique identification label, suchas a bar code label, to be permanently affixed to the medication bag,the code now being linked uniquely to the patient 2 for whom themedication 28 has been prepared. The identifying code on the label maybe transmitted to the monitoring client 1 for later reconciliation whenthe nurse is about to administer the medication 28.

After the prepared medication 28 arrives to the patient's floor, thenurse can then prepare to administer it to the patient 2. In thisexemplary scenario, the monitoring client 1 may include an input devicesuch as a bar code reader, which the nurse can use to verify that theidentifying code on the medication bag matches the identity of thepatient 2 for whom it has been prescribed. If the identification matchesthe information entered into the monitoring client 1 by the pharmacist,the nurse may be cleared by the device 1 to hang the medication bag andinitiate the infusion via the infusion pump 7. In an embodiment, themonitoring client 1 displays to the nurse the prescription, includingthe dose, the maximum fluid rate for the patient, the concentration ofthe drug in the bag, and the infusion rate for the pump (which canoptionally be calculated by a processor in the monitoring client 1. Withthis information, the nurse has the ability to manually calculate andverify that the infusion rate set by the monitoring client 1 for thepump 7 is correct.

FIG. 141 shows an apparatus 14100 formed by a microinfusion pump 14104coupled to an adapter 14102 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The adapter 14102 includes a touch screen 14106 thatcan be used to control the operation of the microinfusion pump 14104.The microinfusion pump 14104 pumps fluid out of a tube 14108.

The adapter 14102 may wirelessly communicate with a monitoring client 1of FIGS. 3, 5, 7, 8, a monitoring client 902 of FIG. 9, a dock 102 or104 of FIG. 1, a dock 102 or 104 of FIG. 3, a dock 502 of FIG. 5, a hub802 of FIG. 8, a dock 804, 806 or 102 of FIG. 8, the dongle 133 of FIG.1, 3, 5 or 7, or any patient-care device disclosed herein.

The adapter 14102 may include various electrical connectors such thatthe microinfusion pump 14104 may be docked to the adapter 4102. Theadapter 14102 may include an electrical connector on a backside tointerface with a patient-care device dock 104. For example, the adapter14102 may include a connector such that the adapter 14102 docks to the

The touch screen 4106 may be used to set an infusion rate, a bolusamount, or an extended bolus setting, etc. Additionally oralternatively, the touch screen 4106 may be used to estimate the amountof liquid medication left within the microinfusion pump 14104.

FIG. 142 shows a perspective-view of a wireless hub device 14200 thatwirelessly relays data from a patient-care device to a monitoringclient, another hub, or a dock in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

The wireless hub device 14200 includes a body 1402 coupled to a touchscreen 14204 and a holder 14206. The wirelessly hub device 1420 maycommunicate data from another patient-care device to a patient-caredevice to a monitoring client, another hub, a dock, etc. For example,the wireless hub device 14200 may communicate data with a patient-caredevice according to a first wireless protocol and relay the informationvia another wireless protocol to monitoring client, another hub, a dock,etc. For example, the wirelessly hub device 14200 may communicate with apatient-care device via Bluetooth and relays the data to a dock (e.g.,dock 104 of FIG. 1) via near-field communications; In this specificembodiment, the holder 14206 may be shaped such that the holder 14206may rest in a dock, e.g., the dock 104 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 143 shows a front, perspective-view of an electronic patient-caresystem 14300 having modular patient-care devices 14304, 14306, 14308,and 14310 coupled a monitoring client 1430 via an adapter 14316 and adock 14314 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.The dock 14314 is coupled to a pole 14312. The adapter 14316 provides anelectrical connection between the dock 14314 and the patient caredevices 14304, 14306, 14308, and 14310. That is, the adapter 14316 maybe changed based upon the type of patient-care devices 14304, 14306,14308, and 14310 used.

FIG. 144 shows a side, perspective-view of the electronic patient-caresystem of FIG. 143 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Referring to FIGS. 143-144, the patient-care device 14306slides onto the adapter 14316 via rails 14318 and 14320. The infusionpump 14304 may snap onto a spring-loaded flange 14322. A lever on thebackside of the adapter 14316 may be pulled to pull away the flange fromthe infusion pump 14304.

FIG. 145 shows a close-up, perspective view of the interface of one ofthe patient-care devices shown in FIG. 143 in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. Referring now to the FIGS. 144 and145, the rail 14318 engage with the track 14502, and the rail 14320engages with the rail 14504. A space 14506 receives the flange 14322such that the infusion pump 14304 snaps into place in the adapter 14316.

FIG. 146 shows a top view of the electronic patient-care system 14300 ofFIG. 143 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thedock 14314 is coupled to two adapters 14602 and 14316. The dock 14314 iscoupled to the pole 14312 via a clamp 14606. The pump 14304 is shownwith the pump door 14604 opened.

FIG. 147 shows an illustration of a system 14700 for electronicpatient-care in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.The system 14700 includes a central server 14702, a central serverclient 14703, a hospital server 14704, one or more medical IT systems14705, docks/hubs 14707, 14708 and 14709, and a hospital server client14706.

The central server 14702 may be an enterprise-level server, ahospital-level server, or a global server (e.g., a cloud server). Thecentral server 14702 may provide software updates, firmware updates,and/or configuration files. For example, the central server 14702 mayprovide updates for the hospital server 14704, the docks/hubs 14707,14708 and 14709, patient-care devices coupled to the docks/hubs 14707,14708 and 14709, or monitoring clients in operative communication withthe docks/hubs 14707, 14708 and 14709 based upon a device ID.Additionally or alternatively, the central server 14702 may providesoftware for download into a sandbox as described below (see FIG. 148).Additionally or alternatively, the central server 14702 can receiveusage statistics (patient-care parameters, patient-treatment parameters,patient-care device operating parameters, diagnostic information fromdocks, hubs and monitoring clients, and the like). The central server14702 may log the data in a database, e.g., an SQL database, anassociative database, or the like.

The central server client 14703 can communicate with the central server14702 to monitor the operation of the central server 14702, view the logfiles therein, or to view data relating to the efficacy of a drug asdescribed above. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, thecentral server client 1403 is software at a nurse's station such thatthe nurse can monitor docks/hubs, patients, and/or patient-care devices.

The hospital server 14704 may be installed in a hospital, a care unit ofa hospital (e.g., Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (“NICU”), Intensive CareUnit (“ICU”), etc.), a floor of a hospital, or for a group of hospitals(e.g., an administrative group of hospitals).

The hospital server 14704: (1) may include a custom set of DERS, maytrack patient-care devices, Docks/Hubs or monitoring clients; (2) mayidentify and log non-compliant patient-care devices, docks/hubs and/ormonitoring clients; and/or (3) may configure or update docks/hubs,monitoring clients and/or patient-care devices (e.g., from updatedsoftware files, configuration files or firmware files from the centralserver 14702).

The one or more medical IT systems 14705 communicate with the hospitalserver 14704 to provide functionally thereto. The medical IT system14705 may provide computerized provider order entry (“CPOE”), a druglibrary, electronic medical records (“EMR”), a computerized maintenancemanagement system (“CMMS”), or other database or computerized system.

The docks/hubs 14707, 14708, and 14709 communicate with the hospitalserver 14704. There may be one or more of the docks/hubs 14707, 14708,and 14709 in a patient's room.

The hospital server client 14706 allows a user or technical to interfacewith the hospital server 14704 to facilitate the updating of software,to monitor the log files therein, or to help facilitate continuousquality improvement (“CQI”).

FIG. 148 shows a block diagram of an electronic patient-care system14802 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thesystem 14802 includes an enterprise server system 14804, an applicationstore 14806, a device manager 14808, one or more hubs 1426, one or moretablets 14810, one or more infusion pumps 14814, and one or morewireless sensors 14816. The communications between the tablet and thedock/hub 14812, between the dock/hub 14816 and the wireless sensor14816, between the dock/hub 14812 and the infusion pump 14814, betweenthe dock/hub 14812 and the device manager 14808, between the devicemanager 14808 and the application store 14806, and/or between the devicemanager 14840 and the enterprise server(s) 14804 may be made by usingWiFi, Ethernet, Bluetooth, USB, 3G, 4G, HALO, SOAP, XML data, usingself-describing data, HL7, TCP/IP, Bluetooth templates, a dedicated,and/or or non-dedicated communications link.

The enterprise server system 14804 may include, in some embodiments, aCMMS database 14832, a CPOE 14834, an EMR 14836, and/or a billing server14838. The enterprise server system 14804 may receive equipment healthinformation including calibration data, battery life, etc. with the CMMS14832.

The application store 14806 may include one or more device applications(or programs) 14850, 14851, 14852 and/or 14853, which may control orprogram one or more patient-care devices, one or more sensors, one ormore infusion pumps 14814, provide patient diagnostic functions, etc.The application store 14806 may provide encrypted communications tofacilitate the downloading of one or more of the device applications14850-14853.

The device manager 14808 may be a hospital-level server that providesglobal DERS 14840 and local policies 14842. The local policies 14842 mayinclude additional hard or soft limits (e.g., on drugs) based upon, forexample, the location of the particular dock/hub 14812 in the hospital(e.g., the ER, NICU, ICU, etc.).

The dock/hub 14812 may be coupled to one or more wired or wirelesssensors 14816, one or more infusion pumps 14814, and/or may be connectedto other patient-care devices. The dock/hub 14812 may communicate withthe one or more wireless sensors 14816 using WiFi, Ethernet, Bluetooth,Bluetooth Low Energy, USB, 3G, 4G, HL7, TCP/IP, Bluetooth templates, orother protocol via a dedicated or non-dedicated communications link andmay be using self-describing data. The wireless sensor may use one ofthe communication modules described above (e.g., the wireless sensor14914 may be coupled to a communication module via a serial link such asSPI). The tablet 14810 may interface into the dock/hub 14812. Thedock/hub 14812 may include a local copy of DERS 14826 that may beperiodically updated by the DERS 14840 from the device manager 14808.Additionally or alternatively, the dock/hub may include a local copy ofthe local policies 14828 that may be periodically updated by the devicemanager 14808.

The tablet 14810 may provide care flow sheets that provide the caregiveror patient with a checklist of activities for their day and may recordand log data from weight scales, vital monitors, data on bathing,dressing changes, dietary information from patient-care devices or maybe manually entered into the tablet 14810, which can be updated andstored in the patient's EMR file within the EMR 14836. The tablet 14810may provide tutorials to the home patient or caregiver to serve as areminder for specific care operations such as how and when to changedressings, measure urine output, or take blood glucose readings.Additionally or alternatively, the tablet 14810 may instruct acaregiver, patient, or user how to resolve a source of a soft alarmand/or hard alarm.

A patient-care device, e.g., the infusion pump 14814, may includenear-field communications (“NFC”) which communicates with the dock/hub14812 when the infusion pump 14814 is in close proximity with thedock/hub 14812 to, for example, pair the devices, to pass configurationdata, or set the infusion pump 14814 parameters for the patient withwhich the dock/hub 14812 is associated with. After the NFCcommunications, the infusion pump 14814 may communicate with thedock/hub 14812 wirelessly or via a wireless link. For example, aninfusion pump 14814 may be in close (or contacting) proximity with thedock/hub 14812 in which NFC communications are used to pair the infusionpump 14814 with the dock/hub 14812 using a Bluetooth communicationslink.

The dock/hub 14812 may execute a device application 14820-14824 with asandbox 14814. The sandbox 14814 may require the application to bewritten with predetermined criteria. In some embodiments, the sandbox14814 may include an API having a secure data class. In yet additionalembodiments, the sandbox 14814 may reside on the monitoring client14810. The sandbox 14814 may be a virtual machine, may be a program thatcontrols the resources (e.g., hardware or software resources availablevia an API, for example) the device applications 14820-14824 mayutilize, may have global variables accessible by the device applications14820-14824, and may be interpreter based. That is, the sandbox 14812 isa protected area that allows the device applications 14820-14824 toexecute in a controlled and limited resource environment. The sandbox14812 may be downloaded from the device manager 14808 or the applicationstore 14806. The sandbox 14812 may be preconfigured for the particulardock/hub type, e.g., based upon any single or combination of a versionnumber, a serial number, a lot number, a hardware version number, asoftware version number, an operating system type, an operating systemservice pack, other identifier, etc.

For example, the dock/hub may identify the infusion pump 14814 by serialnumber and download from the app store a device application 14850 intothe dock/hub 14812 (e.g., the device app 14820). The device apps14820-14824 may control and/or communicate with the infusion pump 14814to relay information about the infusion pump 14814 to the tablet 14810for display (e.g., via XML, for example). Additionally or alternatively,the one or more of the device apps 14820-14824 can display data fromdevices, use complex heuristics to combine data from several sources,etc. The sandbox 14818 may also control the access to various resources,such as: memory, non-volatile memory, hard drives, network interfaces,input devices, output devices, a buzzer, etc. In some embodiments, thesandbox 14818 may limit or prohibit the device applications 14820-14824from reading and/or writing to specific files, such as system files. Thesandbox 14818 may provide temporary and/or protected resources to thedevice applications 14820-14824, such as: a “scratchpad” memory spaceand/or a scratchpad hard disk space.

Any attempts by the device app 14820 to violate the DERS 14826, thelocal policies 14828, or inhibit the dock/hub 14828 to perform itsprimary functions (e.g., designated, high-priority functions) will beprevented by other software running on the dock/hub 14812 (e.g., anoperating system such as the android operating system, IOs, Linux,Windows, or Windows CE that controls the execution of the sandbox viaone or more process control blocks or one or more threads from a threadpool).

The sandbox 14818 may control the launching of one or more of the deviceapps 14820-14824. For example, the sandbox 14818 may check rules orlinks (e.g., dynamically linked library calls) to ensure that a deviceapp of the device apps 14820-14824 designated for execution does nothave any broken links and conforms to predetermined criteria controlledby the sandbox 14818. For example, the sandbox 14818 may check that allof the references from a device application 14850 to shared librarieswithin the dock/hub's 14812 software exist within specific “safe” sharedlibraries, the particular function or variable within the libraryexists, and the variable and data type requested by the deviceapplications 14820-14824 or communicated by the device applications14820-14824 conforms to or exists within the library.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sandbox 14818prioritizes access to resources. For example, if multiple deviceapplications 14820-14824 request access to an alarm device (e.g., aspeaker) or variable that indicates an alarm condition, the sandbox14812 may prioritize the sources of the requests and display theprioritized list of alarm causes on the tablet 14810 allowing acaregiver to disable certain alarm conditions, address multiple alarmsources and/or assess the condition of the patient.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the dock/hub 14812includes a processor with two cores such that one of the cores executesthe sandbox 14818 whilst another core executes an operating system whichcontrols the allocation of the resources used by the sandbox 14818 viaone of the device applications 14820-14824.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the dock/hub 14812includes two processors such that one of the processors executes thesandbox 14818 whilst another processor executes an operating systemwhich controls the allocation of resources used by the sandbox 14818 viaone of the device applications 14820-14824.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the dock/hub 14812includes two processors such that one of the processors executes thesandbox 14818 whilst another processor executes a watchdog function toensure safe operation of resources used by the sandbox 14818 via one ofthe device applications 14820-14824.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the dock/hub 14812includes two processors such that one of the processors executes areal-time safety processor whilst another processor executes the sandbox14818 and an operating system which controls the allocation of resourcesused by the sandbox 14818 via one of the device applications14820-14824.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the dock/hub 14812includes one or more processors each with one or more cores such that atleast one process control block executes the sandbox 14818 whilst atleast another process control block executes an operating system whichcontrols the allocations of resources used by the sandbox 14818 via oneof the device applications 14820-14824.

The dock/hub 14812 may de-identify data from the patient-care devicesand upload the data to the database 14830 (e.g., a cloud-baseddatabase); the data may be real-time data aggregated at the nationallevel to facilitate epidemic detection, resource planning, anddeployment planning within a hospital or hospital system.

FIG. 149 shows a block diagram 14900 of a beside portion of theelectronic patient system of FIG. 147 and/or FIG. 148 in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure. The diagram 14900 includes amonitoring client 14902 (which may be the tablet 148120), amonitoring-client adapter 14904 such that the monitoring client 14902can interface with the dock/hub 14906 (which may be the dock/hub 14812),and several infusion pumps 14910. The dock/hub 14906 may communicatewith the infusion pumps 14910 via WiFi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, a meshnetwork, a point-to-point protocol (e.g., based upon WiFi), etc. Theinfusion pumps 14910 may be power directly via the AC outlet 14908 (notdepicted) and/or from the dock/hub 14906 directly. The dock/hub 14906 iscoupled to the wireless sensors 14814 (wirelessly or wired) and to USBsensors 14912 via a USB cable.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, another in-room displaymay be present, e.g., a hub, monitoring client, computer, etc. that cancommunicate with the dock/hub 14812 and/or tablet 14810 via WiFi,Ethernet, Bluetooth, USB, or other protocol via a dedicated ornon-dedicated communications link.

FIG. 150 shows a block diagram of the dock/hub 15000 of FIGS. 147, 148,and/or 149 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.The dock/hub 15000 includes a primary processor 15003 and a safetyprocessor 15002 (which one or both may be a processor, a microprocessor,or a microcontroller, for example a Snapdragon processor).

The safety processor 15002 is coupled to a speaker driver 15011 whichcontrols a backup speaker 15012. The safety processor 15002 is alsocoupled to a 2× CAN bus connected to a patient-care device via thedevice connector 15014. In some embodiments, the device connector 15014communicates with a patient-care device via a Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi,CAN Bus, or SPI communications link.

The safety processor 15002 is coupled to a voltage regulator 15010 whichreceives power from a backup battery 15017 and/or from a battery charger15009. The safety processor 15002 is coupled to an enable switch 15016that can disable the power supply to a patient-care device coupled tothe device connector 15014. The current limiter 15015 can also limit thecurrent to a patient-care device coupled to the device connector 15014.

The safety processor 15002 is also coupled to an enable 15020 switchwhich enables/disables a 5 volt power supply to the patient-care devicecoupled via the device connector 15014. The 5V signal to thepatient-care device is received from the voltage regulator 15010 whichreceives its power from a primary battery cell 15018 and/or the batterycharger 15009. The battery charger receives power via an AC/DC converter15008 coupled to an AC outlet 15007.

The primary processor 15003 is coupled to a camera 15024, a WiFitransceiver 15025, a Bluetooth 15026 transceiver, an RFID interrogator15027, LED status lights 15029, buttons 15028, and a near-fieldcommunications transceiver 15030.

The primary processor 15003 is coupled to a USB cable that couples to aUSB port 15023 and/or a monitoring client via a UI connector 15022. Insome embodiments, the primary processor 15003 can communicate with atablet via a WiFi or other wireless communications link. The primaryprocessor 15003 can communicate with a patient-care device via the USBconnection 15023 and/or the monitoring client via a USB port via the UIconnector 15022. The primary processor 15003 communicates a signal to aspeaker driver 15006 which drives a primary speaker 150005.

FIG. 151 is a block diagram illustrating the infusion pump circuitry15100 of FIGS. 148 and/or 149 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The circuitry 151 includes a UI/safety processor15102 that controls the pump display 15104 and logs data in non-volatilememory 15105. The UI/safety processor 15102 communicates with a hub/dockvia a CAN bus coupled to the device connector 15108. In some embodimentsthe real-time processor 151102 and/or UI/safety processor 15102communicates with a hub/dock via the device connector 15108 using aBluetooth, a wireless, or a wired communications link. The UI/Safetyprocessor 15102 may include an image processing library to processesimagery from a camera. Additionally or alternatively, the UI/Safetyprocessor 15102 may include a library to display a GUI interface on thepump display 15104 (which may be a touch screen).

The UI/safety processor 15102 is coupled to an occlude-in-place sensor1516, a latch sensor 15117, an air-in-line sensor 1518, a motor hallsensors 15119, buttons 15120, and status lights 15112. The safetyprocessor 15102 provides watchdog functionality to the real-timeprocessor 15103 (which may be a processor, a microprocessor, or amicrocontroller, for example a SnapDragon processor) and can enable themotor drive 15107.

The real-time processor 15103 (which one or both may be a processor, amicroprocessor, or a microcontroller, for example a SnapDragonprocessor) controls the operation of the pump's motor 15106 via themotor drive 15107. The real-time processor 15103 communicates with theUI/Safety processor 15102 (e.g., to receive pump settings) via a serialinterface. The real-time processor 15103 loads pump calibration datafrom a non-volatile memory 15122. The non-volatile memory 15122 and/orthe non-volatile memory 15105 may be an SD card and/or an RFID tag.

The real-time processor 15103 receives data about the infusion pump fromthe motor current sensor 15109, the motor housing temperature 15110, theocclusion pressure sensor 15111, the cam shaft position sensor 15112,the cam follower position sensors 1513, and/or accelerometer 15114.

In FIGS. 151 and 152, the two processors may be used to confirminstruction(s), to perform safety checks, or other functionality (e.g.,user confirmation of a patient-treatment parameter) in an identicaland/or similar manner as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/249,600, filed Oct. 10, 2008 and entitledMulti-Language/Multi-Processor Infusion Pump Assembly, now U.S.Publication No. US-2010-0094221, published Apr. 15, 2010 (AttorneyDocket No. F54), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIG. 152 is a block diagram 1500 illustrating the sensors coupled to themechanics of an infusion pump for use with the infusion pump circuitryof FIG. 151 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.The infusion pumps fluid via a tube 15207. The motor 15204 includesmotor hall-effect sensors 15205, a motor housing temperature sensor15206, hall-effect sensors 15201 and 15202 to detect the movement of theslide-clamp mechanism 15220, a hall-effect sensor 15211 for an outletvalve, hall-effect sensors 15212 and 15213 for the plunger-position, ahall-effect sensor 15214 for an inlet valve, and a hall-effect rotaryposition sensor 15208.

FIGS. 153A and 153B show a flow chart diagram illustrating a method20001 for communicating data between a tablet and a base in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, thetablet referred to in the method 20001 may be any monitoring client asdescribed herein. For example, the method 20001 may be a method forcommunicating data between a tablet and a hemodialysis apparatus. Forthe purposes of the FIGS. 153A-157, the base may be a medical device, adock, a cradle, a hub, a pill dispenser, a syringe pump, an infusionpump, a microinfusion pump, a communications module, an ECG monitor, ablood pressure monitor, a pulse oxymeter, a Co2 capnometer, acommunications relay, or the like, or any device as disclosed ordescribed herein.

The monitoring client used by the method 20001 may operate as the mainuser interface of a base (e.g., a medical device, such as a hemodialysisapparatus or an infusion pump). The tablet may be used to: (1) monitorthe operation of the base, (2) control the operation of the base, (3)receive error conditions from the base, (4) monitor the operation of thebase to determine if an error condition exists, (5) monitor theoperation of the base to determine if an unsafe condition exists, (6)store an error or operating parameter for transmission to a server, (7)store an error or operating parameter for transmission to the base forstorage therein or for relaying it to a server, (8) and/or provide thepatient entertainment (e.g., video games, movies, music, or webbrowsing) while receiving treatment.

The flow chart diagram of FIGS. 153A-153B may be implemented by anoperative set of processor executable instructions configured forexecution by one or more processors (e.g., a method implemented by aprocessor). The one or more processors may be in the base and/or in thetablet. The operative set of processor executable instructions may bestored in a memory, such as a non-transitory processor-readable memory,a random-access memory, a read-only memory, a disk memory, an EEPROM, anoptical-based drive, or other memory. The memory may be in the baseand/or in the tablet. The one or more processors may be in operativecommunication with the memory to read the operative set of processorexecutable instructions from the memory. The one or more processors canexecute the instructions to perform the flow chart diagram 20001 ofFIGS. 153A-153B. The flow chart diagram 20001 may be implemented as amethod or process performed by the one or more processors.

Method 20001 can facilitate communications between a tablet and a baseby using a wired connection to establish a wireless connection through apairing protocol. For example, the tablet may be physically connected tothe base through a USB cable which is used to pair the two devicestogether using the Bluetooth protocol; after pairing, the devices cancommunicate with each other wirelessly using the Bluetooth protocol. Thetablet may provide the user interface to the base. For example, aninterface program running on the tablet may provide an interface to ahemodialisys apparatus to control and/or monitor a dialysis treatmentperformed on a patient or may provide an interface to an infusion pumpto control and/or monitor the infusion pump during treatment of thepatient.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet is used with abase apparatus having a redundant user interface coupled thereto, suchas a redundant, graphical user interface. In yet additional embodimentsof the present disclosure, the tablet includes a graphical userinterface and the base includes buttons and lights, but no graphicaluser interface.

The communications between the base and the tablet may be through awireless link, such as a Bluetooth link. The protocol of the wirelesslink may require pairing between the base and the tablet. As previouslymentioned, the pairing may be configured or initialized utilizing awired link, such as through a USB connection. In some embodiments, thewireless communications may be performed using one of Bluetooth LE,WiFi, Zigbee, X-bee, ultra-wideband communications, widebandcommunications, code-division multiple access, time-divisionmultiplexing, carrier-sense multiple-access multiplexing with or withoutcollision avoidance, space-division multiplexing, frequency-divisionmultiplexing, circuit-mode wireless multiplexing, wireless statisticalmultiplexing, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, or the like.

Method 20001 may be implemented by an operative set of processorexecutable instructions configured for execution by one or moreprocessors. The one or more processors may be on the base and/or on thetablet. The operative set of processor executable instructions may bestored in a non-transitory processor-readable memory, such as arandom-access memory, a read-only memory, a disk memory, an EEPROM, anoptical-based drive, or other memory. The memory may be in the base, inthe tablet, and/or the base and the tablet may each have a respectivememory and one or more respective processors. The one or more processorsmay be in operative communication with the memory to read the operativeset of processor executable instructions from the memory. The one ormore processors can execute the instructions to perform the method 20001of FIGS. 153A-157.

The one or more processors may be one or more of a microprocessor, amicrocontroller, an assembly-based processor, a MIPS processor, a RISCprocessor, a CISC processor, a parallel or multi-core processor, a CPLD,a PLA, a FPGA, a virtual processor, the like, or some combinationthereof.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, method 20001 includesacts 20002-20015. Act 20002 determines if a tablet is connected to abase through a physical connection. For example, a tablet may beconnectable to a hemodialysis apparatus or to an infusion pump through adock, a cable, a wire, a fiber optic link, or the like. The tabletand/or the base may determine that the tablet and the base arephysically connected to each other through a USB connection, forexample. Act 20003 establishes a first communications link between thetablet and the base through the physical connection. For example, act20003 may establish the appropriate software interfaces and/or mayperform handshaking between the tablet and the base such that data maybe communicated therebetween.

Act 20004 updates, if necessary, the interface program on the tabletthrough the first communications link. FIG. 154 illustrates one specificembodiment of act 20004 and is described below. The update is necessaryif the interface program is not the latest version, in which case theinterface program needs to be updated. The update is also necessary, insome embodiments, if the interface program does not have all of theready-for-release software patches and/or updates. Act 20004 may, forexample, determine if the tablet includes the latest version of theinterface program. If the tablet does not include the latest version ofthe interface program, the base and/or the tablet downloads (e.g., froma server) the latest version of the interface software which replaces(e.g., overwrites) the old version of the interface software. Theinterface software on the tablet provides a user interface (e.g., atouchscreen, a keyboard, and/or a microphone to receive voice commands)and functionality for a user to communicate with the base using thetablet.

Act 20005 establishes a second communications link between the tabletand the base using the first communications link. FIG. 155 illustrates aspecific embodiment of act 20005, described in greater detail below. Inone specific embodiment, act 20005 establishes a second communicationslink by pairing the tablet and the base together using a Bluetoothprotocol. After pairing, data may be communicated using the secondcommunications link. The data may be communicated over the secondcommunications link using any known encryption algorithm, includesymmetrical encryption, asymmetrical encryption, public-keyinfrastructure encryption, and the like. Act 20006 transmits data fromthe base to the tablet using the second communications link. The datamay include information concerning the treatment progress of the base,the operation of the base, and/or any error messages from the base. Act20007 displays data on the tablet in accordance with the datacommunicated from the base. Act 20008 initializes treatment of a patientusing the tablet. For example, a user may select treatment parametersfor treating a patient using the base, e.g., hemodialyais parameters orinfusion parameters. The treatment parameters may be communicated viathe first or second communications link. In some embodiments, thetreatment parameters may be communicated using a predetermined preferredone of the first or second communications link. For example, the secondcommunications link may communicate the treatment parameters when thefirst communications link is unavailable. However, in another specificembodiment, treatment parameters are always communicated via the secondcommunications link.

In act 20009, the base proceeds to operate. For example, the base may bean infusion pump and the tablet communicates a start command to theinfusion pump. In another exemplary embodiment, a start button on theinfusion pump may be pressed to commence treatment of a patient. In yetadditional embodiments, the user is not required to commence operationand the infusion pump automatically starts to operate.

Act 20010 removes the physical connection between the tablet and thebase. For example, a user may disconnect or undock the physicalconnection between the tablet and the base. Act 20011 communicates databetween the tablet and the base as long as a link quality value of thesecond communications link is above a threshold. Act 20012 enters into aheadless state if the link quality value falls below the threshold. Theheadless state is described below with reference to FIGS. 156 and 157.The tablet and the base may both or individually enter into a headlessstate when the link quality value falls below a threshold. The linkquality value may be part of the Bluetooth standard, may be based upon abit error rate, a throughput rate, signal strength, or may use anymetric known to one skilled in the relevant art.

When a link quality value (or indicator) that describes the quality ofthe wireless link between the tablet and the base falls below apredetermined threshold, the tablet and/or the base may enter into aheadless state. In the headless state, the base continues to treat apatient and ignores communications from the tablet. When an alarmoccurs, as long as the alarm is not a stop-level alarm, the base willcontinue to operate.

In act 20013, the tablet and/or the base remain in the headless state aslong as the link quality value remains below the threshold. Act 20014determines if the link quality value returns above the predeterminedthreshold, and act 20015 exits the headless state when the link qualityvalue returns above the predetermined threshold. In some embodiments,once the tablet or the base enter into a headless state, a second linkquality value greater than the first link quality value causes thetablet and/or the base to exit the headless state.

FIG. 154 shows a flow chart diagram of an embodiment of act 20004 ofFIG. 153A. As previously mentioned, act 20004 updates, if necessary, theinterface program on the tablet through the first communications link.Act 20004 includes acts 20016-20019 as sub-acts. Act 20016 communicatesa version number of the interface program from the tablet to the basethrough the first communications link. Act 20017 determines if theinterface program on the tablet is the latest version. For example, thebase may communicate with a server to determine what version number isthe newest version of the interface program. In act 20018, the baseretrieves an updated version of the interface program from a server, ifthere is an updated version of the interface program. Act 20019overwrites the interface program with the updated version of theinterface program. For example, the tablet may include a program whichcan retrieve the updated interface program from the base and overwritethe previous interface program with the updated interface program.

FIG. 155 shows a flow chart diagram of an embodiment of act 20005 ofFIG. 153A. As previously mentioned, act 20005 establishes a secondcommunications link between the tablet and the base using the firstcommunications link. Act 20005 of FIG. 155 includes acts 20020-20025 assubacts. Act 20020 determines if the base is paired with another tablet.Act 20021, if necessary, interrupts any pairing between the anothertablet and the base. For example, in act 20021, any other pairingbetween another tablet and the base is interrupted so that the tabletthat is physically connected to the base can be paired to the base. Inact 20022, the base generates a configuration file which is communicatedfrom the base to the tablet in act 20023 using the first communicationslink. In act 20024, the tablet reads the configuration file which isused in act 20025 to pair the base to the tablet for wirelesscommunications therebetween to establish the second communications linkbetween the tablet and the base in accordance with the configurationfile.

FIG. 156 shows a flow chart diagram illustrating an embodiment of act20012 of FIG. 153B. As previously mentioned, act 20012 enters the tabletinto a headless state if the link quality value falls below thethreshold. Act 20012 of FIG. 156 includes acts 20026 and 20027 assubacts. Act 20026 suspends communications of the data between base andthe tablet. In act 20027, the tablet displays a message on a userinterface requesting a user to move the tablet closer to the base. Insome embodiments, act 20027 may be performed while also providingaudible feedback, such as a beeping noise or verbal instructions to movethe tablet closer to the base.

FIG. 157 shows a flow chart diagram illustrating an embodiment of act20012 of FIG. 153B. As previously mentioned, act 20012 enters the tabletinto a headless state if the link quality value falls below thethreshold. Act 20012 of FIG. 156 includes acts 20027-20028 as subacts.Act 20027 suspends all communications between the base and the tablet.Act 20028 indicates that the base has entered into the headless state.For example, the base may flash an indicator light and/or cause aspeaker to beep.

FIG. 158 shows a block diagram of a system 21000 for electronic patientcare in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thesystem 21000 includes an infusion pump 21002 configured to treat apatient 21018, various sensors 21010, 21012, 21014, 21016, 21020, 21022,21024, 21026, 21058, a patient data store 21008, a gateway 21028, and aserver 21030.

The sensors 21010, 21012, 21014, 21016, 21020, 21022, 21024, 21026,21058 collect data concerning the patient 21018, which may be monitoredby the infusion pump 21002. The data from the sensors 21010, 21012,21014, 21016, 21020, 21022, 21024, 21026, 21058 may be stored within thepatient data store 21008 (e.g., the infusion pump 21002 may read thedata from the sensors 21010, 21012, 21014, 21016, 21020, 21022, 21024,21026, 21058 to write the data within the patient data store 21008).

The accelerometer 21010 may monitor the position and/or orientation ofthe patient 21018. For example, the accelerometer 21010 may be placed onthe patient's 21018 head to monitor the direction the patient 21018 isfacing. If the infusion pump 21002 does not detection a predeterminedamount of movement within a predetermined amount of time, the infusionpump 21002 may issue an alert or an alarm.

The temperature sensor 21012 may measure the temperature of the patient21018 in at least one location. One or more temperature sensors 21012may be used. For example, a first temperature sensor 21012 may be placedon an extremity of the patient 21018, such as a finger or foot, and asecond temperature sensor 21012 may be place on the forehead of thepatient 21018. The infusion pump 21002 may trigger an alarm or an alertif a predetermined increase or decrease in the difference between thefirst and second temperature sensors 21012 occurs within a predeterminedamount of time.

The breathing rate sensor 21014 measures the breathing rate of thepatient 21018. In some embodiments, a stretchable strap is wrappedaround the patient that varies in resistance based upon the stretchedstate of the strap. The breathing rate sensor 21014 measures thisresistance to calculate the breathing rate of the patient 21018. If thebreathing rate as measured by the breathing rate sensor 21014 is outsidea predetermined range, the infusion pump 21002 may issue an alert oralarm.

The skin conductivity sensor 21016 measures the conductivity of the skinof the patient 21018. The infusion pump 21002 may issue an alarm oralert if the conductivity measurement is outside of a predeterminedrange and/or changes by a predetermined amount (e.g., a percentageamount) within a predetermined amount of time.

The ECG sensor 21020 may include one or more electrodes to measure theelectrical signal related to the patient's 21018 heart. The infusionpump 21002 receives data from the ECG sensor 21020 to determine if theelectrical signal related to the patient's 21018 heart is abnormal inany way to issue an alert or an alarm.

The BP monitor 21022 may be a cuff-based blood pressure monitor, or anyother blood pressure monitor. The infusion pump 21002 may issue an alarmor alert if the BP monitor 21022 communicates to the infusion pump 21002that the patient's 21018 blood pressure is outside of a predeterminedrange.

The pulse oximeter 21024 can measure the blood oxygen saturation levelwithin the patient 21018. The infusion pump 21002 may issue an alarm oralert if the blood oxygen saturation level of the patient 21018 isreported by the pulse oximeter 21024 is below a predetermined threshold.

The heart rate sensor 21026 measures the heart rate of the patient21018. If the patient's 21018 heart rate is outside of a predeterminedrange (as communicated to the infusion pump), the infusion pump 21002may issue an alarm or an alert.

The gas sensor 21058 may measure the gas concentrations of one or moregas constituents from the patient 21018 (e.g., CO2, O2, etc.). Theinfusion pump 21002 may issue an alarm or an alert if a gas constituentis outside of a predetermined range or is above or below a predeterminedthreshold.

The infusion pump 21002 communicates with the sensors 21010, 21012,21014, 21016, 21020, 21022, 21024, 21026, 21058 via an interrogator21006. That is, each of the sensors 21010, 21012, 21014, 21016, 21020,21022, 21024, 21026, 21058 may include an RFID antenna that can receivethe interrogation signal from the interrogator 21006, which in turn,causes one or more of the sensors 21010, 21012, 21014, 21016, 21020,21022, 21024, 21026, 21058 to communicate its patient data. The infusionpump 21002 may store the patient data within the patient data store21008 and/or internally. The patient data store 21008 may be an RFID tagthat contains memory, e.g., an RFID tag embedded within the patient's21018 wristband.

The infusion pump 21002 may thereafter communicate the sensor data to agateway 21028. The gateway 21028 may be an area wide server (e.g.,hospital wide) and may buffer the patient data it receives. The gateway21028 communicates the data to the server 21030 which stores the datawithin a database 21032. The server 21030 may be in operativecommunication with multiple gateways 21028 to receive data therefrom andto store the data within the database 21032. The infusion pump 21002 andthe gateway 21028 may communicate via a transaction-based web service.The infusion pump 21002 is the client of the web service and the gateway21028 is the server of the web service.

FIG. 159 shows a block diagram 21040 of a sensor of FIG. 158 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The blockdiagram 21040 may be any of the sensors 21010, 21012, 21014, 21016,21020, 21022, 21024, 21026, 21058 of FIG. 158.

The infusion pump 21002 (see FIG. 158) may send an interrogation signalto the antenna 21036 which is converted to power by the RFID tag 21034.The RFID tag 21034 is coupled to a processor 21042. A measuringcomponent 21038 is coupled to the processor 21042. The measuringcomponent 21038 may be an accelerometer, a strain gauge, a temperaturesensor, a MEMs sensor, a chemical sensor, a pressure sensor, or anyother technology that can sense a parameter of the patient 21018.

The RFID tag 21034 may send electrical power to the processor 21042and/or to the measuring component 21038 (e.g., a bias voltage). The RFIDtag 21034 can communicate with the processor 21042 via a communicationslink, e.g., I2C.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the interrogation signalfrom the infusion pump 21002 (see FIG. 158) writes a value in the memorylocation 21044 and sets the bit 21048 to indicate that data is waitingwithin the memory location 21044 (e.g., the bit 21048 may be set to a“true” value). In some embodiments, when the processor 21042 isscheduled to communicate with the RFID tag 21034, the processor 21042will check the bit 21048 to determine if data has been written to thememory location 21044 (e.g., as indicated by the bit 21048); if so, theprocessor 21042 will download the data from the memory location 21044and reset the bit 21048. Likewise, if the processor 21042 is tasked tocommunicate with the infusion pump 21002 (see FIG. 158), the processor21042 writes data to the memory location 21046 and sets a bit 21050 toindicate that valid data is waiting in the memory location 21046. Whenthe infusion pump 21002 reads the data in the location 21046 (after theinfusion pump 21002 has determined that the bit 21050 has been set), theinfusion pump 21002 resets the bit 21050.

The memory locations 21044, 21046 and their corresponding “bit” values(e.g., flags) may be used to coordinate communication between theprocessor 21042 and the infusion pump 21002 (see FIG. 158). Theprocessor 21042 may communicate values of the measuring component 21038to the infusion pump 21002 (e.g., using the location 21046), and theinfusion pump 21002 (see FIG. 158) may communicate information relatedto the measuring component 21038 (or other data) to the processor 21042(e.g., calibration data). In some embodiments of the present disclosure,the memory location 21044 may be a memory-mapped sensor value from themeasuring component 21038.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, setting the bit 21048causes an interrupt in the processor 21042. That is, when the bit 21048is set, the processor 21042 “wakes up” and processes the information inthe memory location 21044 (e.g., receives the command, PID set point,data, etc.); in this specific embodiment, the bit 21048 is set by theinterrogator, such as the infusion pump 21002 of FIG. 158, only afterthe data is fully written to the memory location 21044.

In some embodiments, the interrogator (e.g., the infusion pump 21002)continuously polls the bit 21050 and only reads the data in the memorylocation 21046 when the bit 21050 is set; For example, the processor21042 may “wake up” and “sleep” several times as an interrogatorintermittently provides power to the RFID tag 21034 such that theprocessor 21042 writes data into the memory location 21046 such that ittakes several “wake-up” and “sleep” cycles to write all of the data intothe memory location 21046. After the processor 21042 is finished writingdata into the memory location 21046, in this specific embodiment, theprocessor 21042 sets the bit 21050 to “true” so that the interrogatorcan determine that the data within the memory location 21046 is valid.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sensor 120140 may beembedded on (or attached to) an adhesion surface such that the adhesionsurface is attachable to the patient 21018. That is, the sensor 120140may be a small, disposable bandage-type sensor that is affixable to thepatient 21018.

The RFID tag 21034 may be a near field tag and/or a far field tag. In aspecific embodiment, the antenna 21036 is a near field and a far fieldantenna and the RFID tag 21034 has circuitry such that it can use bothsources of interrogation. For example, the RFID tag 21034 may have ahigh power mode (e.g., when interrogated via near field for enhanceddata collection) and a lower power mode (e.g., when interrogated via farfield). The RFID tag 21034 may be a semi-passive tag, an active tag,and/or a passive tag.

FIG. 160 contains a non-exclusive list of physiological variables thatare frequently monitored in a clinical setting; each is paired with anexample of a sensor designed to measure a current value of thatvariable. That is, the sensors shown in the chart of 160 may be themeasuring component 21038 of FIG. 159, which is used to measure anycorresponding physiological variable. Also listed is an example medicalcondition, the diagnosis of which would be aided by monitoring signalssent from the listed sensor. As a comprehensive list of physiologicalvariables and sensors would be far longer, and as multiple medicalconditions can be diagnosed from monitoring a single sensor, patientcare can be improved by quickly identifying a relevant change in one ormore physiological variables that signifies a shift in a patient'scondition. For example, recognition of patterns of correlated changefrom multiple sensors can aid a health care provider in quicklydiagnosing a health problem, in preventing false alarms caused by astochastic change in a single sensor, and in reducing cognitive fatiguefrom monitoring the array of sensors commonly used in a clinicalsetting.

FIGS. 161 and 162 show a representative graph from each of four commonlyused medical sensors. These sensors were chosen from the list in FIG.160 to illustrate how one embodiment of the present disclosure could beused to detect signal patterns that suggest an impending heart attack.For example, the infusion pump 21002 (see FIG. 158) may monitor thesephysiological variables to detect a condition. Additionally oralternatively, the infusion pump 21002 may relay the monitoredphysiological variables to the server 21030 to detect any medicalconditions (see FIG. 158).

Referring again to FIGS. 161-162, a heart attack occurs when blood flowto the heart is reduced or blocked long enough to cause damage to thecardiac tissue. Since the longer the delay in treating the blockage, thegreater the damage to the heart, it is imperative to quickly diagnose aheart attack. In FIG. 161, the signal from the electrocardiogram (EKG)shows an increased number of peaks per unit time, indicating an increasein a patient's heart rate. Increased heart rate is a symptom of heartattack, but is also consistent with non-threatening events such asexcitement or activity. In one embodiment of the present disclosure anincrease in heart rate (or other monitored variable) above apredetermined threshold would trigger an alert. In another embodimentthe detected pattern of increased heart rate (for example) would beanalyzed in the context of changes in the other physiological variablesbeing measured.

A sub-threshold increase in heart rate would not trigger an alert if asensor monitoring another variable, predetermined to correlate with aheart attack, did not also measure a signal change coincident with anattack. This is the scenario illustrated in FIG. 161; a sub-thresholdincrease in heart rate coincides with no change in two other signalsused to diagnose heart attack, a serum assay measuring blood troponinlevels and a pulse oximeter measuring blood-oxygen saturationpercentage. This isolated, sub-threshold increase in heart rate, absentthe corresponding changes expected in other monitored variables, wouldnot be sufficient to trigger an alarm. A rapid change in temperature isnot expected to occur during a heart attack, so signals from athermometer would not be among the variables utilized to establish thewhole-patient physiological context that is used to determine if a heartattack is occurring.

FIG. 162 illustrates a scenario where the correlated patterns in threesignals, with each signal individually being sub-threshold, are used toalert a health care provider to a possibly imminent heart attack. Inthis scenario, an increased heart rate equal in magnitude to that of thescenario above, is coupled with the pattern expected to occur during aheart attack for two other variables; an increase in blood troponinlevels and a decrease in blood-oxygen saturation. While one sensor isapt to record a physiological change that is due to a non-threatening orstochastic event, the likelihood that multiple sensors, each measuringan uncorrelated variable, will nearly simultaneously record a similarevent is low.

Thus, using multiple sensors to diagnose a health condition allows alower threshold value to be set for an alert, and permits the detectionof an emergency without increasing the frequency of false alarms. Theexample scenario in FIG. 162 showing a pattern of increased heart rate,increased troponin levels, and decreased blood-O2 saturation would alerta health care provider to the possibility of a mild heart attack. Anequal magnitude change in a single signal (e.g. heart rate or blood-O2saturation), or an equal magnitude change in all three signals notoccurring within a predetermined time, would not trigger an alert.

In an embodiment, a user interface would display the recorded value orgraph from each sensor that registers a deviation from a patient'snormal vital signs. In another embodiment, possible health conditionscoinciding with an observed pattern of change may be suggested on a userinterface. In yet another embodiment, the signal from only those sensorsassociated with a specified health condition is displayed on a userinterface, thereby reducing the information displayed to only therelevant signals and limiting distraction and cognitive fatigue. As inthe scenario of FIG. 162, patient temperature does not rapidly changeduring a heart attack, so this signal would not be displayed to a healthcare provider.

FIG. 163 illustrates an embodiment where the recognition of a patternrequiring an alert is affected by a patient treatment regimen. In theexample shown, a hypothetical patient is being treated with propofol, asedative known to suppress cardiovascular activity. Increased propofollevels in a patient can be determined by measuring the pumping rate ofthe infusion pump administering the drug. In one embodiment the knowneffects of a drug or of a treatment are ascertained by a processing unitquerying a pre-created database (e.g., the database 21032 of FIG. 158).The results of this query may include adjusting the patterns recognizedas threatening to account for the known effects of a drug or atreatment. For the example in FIG. 163, the database would contain theinformation that the physiological effects of propofol include decreasedheart rate and decreased blood pressure. In one embodiment therelationship between propofol dosage and the magnitude of a predicteddepression of heart rate and blood pressure is communicated to aprocessing unit (e.g., a processor on the infusion pump 21002 of FIG.158), and the parameters that trigger an alert are adjusted accordingly.In FIG. 163, the depicted pattern of decreased heart rate and decreasedblood pressure, each of a magnitude that would typically trigger analarm, falls within the expected decrease for the administered dosage ofpropofol and thus would not induce an alert. As propofol does not affectbody temperature, the alert parameters for this signal would not bemodified.

FIG. 164 shows non-exclusive signal characteristics used in oneembodiment to detect a pattern of change in a physiological variable. Aresting value (21050) illustrates an exemplary waveform of ahypothetical physiological variable for a patient in homeostasis. In oneembodiment deviation from this value is detected by at least one of fournon-exclusive ways; a change in signal magnitude (21051), a change insignal duration (21052), a measured value exceeding a predeterminedthreshold value (21053), or a slope of a measured waveform exceeding apredetermined range (21054). Each of these deviations from a homeostaticsignal can potentially indicate deterioration in patient's health or aneed for medical care. In some embodiments the extent of the measureddeviation from a homeostatic signal influences the likelihood ofreporting an alert condition.

For example, FIG. 165 shows how the magnitude of signal deviation fromhomeostasis can determine whether an alert is sent, here illustratedwith signals from two sensors—a heart rate monitor and a blood pressuresignal. In this embodiment signals are classified into predeterminedcategories (for example low, medium, and high) based on their percentdeviation from normal. An increase in heart rate categorized as “low”would not be sufficient to trigger an alarm, absent a deviation fromhomeostasis measured by another sensor. However, even absent aphysiological change measured by another sensor, an increase in heartrate sufficient to be categorized as “medium” would trigger an alert. Inone embodiment, the cumulative effect of multiple signals, eachindividually categorized as “low,” would be sufficient to prompt analert. In one embodiment multiple categories are used for each sensor.In another embodiment the number of categories differs between sensors,and this number is adjustable according to the individual requirementsfor sensor sensitivity.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, “trends” are considered arecognizable pattern. The trends may be an increasing value of aphysiological parameter and/or a decreasing value of the physiologicalparameter. The trends may be cross check with the administration of drugto determine if: (1) the trend is expected with the administration ofthe drug, or (2) to determine if the trend is outside of predeterminedbounds associated with the drug. In this case, any of the servers with22002 or 22004 may alarm or alert, and/or any of the infusion pump22048, 22050, and/or 22052 may alarm or alert.

Referring again to FIG. 158, in some embodiments of the presentdisclosure, a computer terminal coupled to the infusion pump 21002 mayprogram the infusion pump 21002 to look for certain patterns in thephysiological parameters as described herein. The patterns may bedetected without regard to scale, in some specific embodiments.

FIG. 166 shows a block diagram of a system 22000 for electronic patientcare in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thesystem 22000 includes a medical facility 22004 and a service-providerserver 22002. The medical facility 22004 is in operative communicationwith the service-provider server 22002, e.g., via the internet.Respective firewalls 22026, 22020 allow the medical facility 22004 andthe service-provider server 22002 to communicate securely with eachother, e.g., secure communications over the internet.

The medical facility 22004 includes various IT infrastructure includinga Computerized Physician Order Entry (“CPOE”) 22030, a PharmacyInformation System (“PIS”) 22032, an Electronic Medical AdministrationRecord (“eMAR”) 22034, an Electronic Medical Record (“EMR”) 22036, alocal Drug Error Reduction System (“DERS”) 22044, a DERS Editor 22046,infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052, a gateway 22042, a ContinuousQuality Improvement (“CQI”) Listener 22040, a CQI Buffering Database22038, a Report requester/generator 22028, and a firewall 22026 (each ofthese are optional). The service-provider server 22002 includes an EMR22014, a DERS Editor 22012, a Global DERS 22024, a reportrequester/generator 22022, a replication CQI database 22010, a CQIDatabase 22008, a CQI Receiver 22018, a CQI Buffering Database 22016, aReport Requester 22006, and the previously mentioned firewall 22020.

The medical facility 22004 may include one or more servers thatcoordinate patient care, medical treatments, drug administration,billing, insurance reimbursement, inventory control, and/or otheraspects related to medical treatment administration.

The CPOE 22030 allows a provider (e.g., a nurse, doctor, or nursepractitioner) to enter into the CPOE database 22030 an instruction ontreating a patient, such as a drug treatment regime that includes drugname, dosage, frequency, and other information relating to treating thepatient. The provider may enter in data into the CPOE 22030 via a tabletcomputer, a handheld computer, a laptop computer, a desktop computer,through a web interface, or any known data entry device or mechanism.The CPOE 22030 may be part of the medical facility 22004 (as shown inFIG. 166) or may be hosted (e.g., hosted within the service-providerserver 22002, or via other hosting service).

The PIS 22032 may receive any ordered prescriptions to allow apharmacist to prepare the drug for administration. For example, apharmacy may be part of the medical facility 22004 and/or may beexternal to it. A pharmacy that is integrated into the PIS 22032 canview the patient's current medications (e.g., to determine if themedication is contraindicated for the patient, to redundantly determineif the medication is safe for the patient, etc.). Once the medication isready at the pharmacy so that it is ready to be picked up (or has beendelivered), the PIS 22032 may be updated with that information as well.

The eMAR 22034 tracks the administration of any medication given to thepatient. A list of medications may be shown to the caregiver withinstructions on how much, when, and what route to administrator each ofthe medications. The caregiver can give the medication and indicate thestart time/date, the completion time/date, and/or any complications thatarise while administering the medication.

The local EMR 22036 contains the patient's electronic medical records.The EMR 22036 may interface with any of the systems within the medicalfacility 22004 and/or within the service-provider server 22002. The EMR22036 may be locally hosted and/or may be hosted by the service-providerserver 22002. The local EMR 22036 may be a local copy of the medicalrecords of the patients that are presently being treated within themedical facility 22004, which may be obtained by the EMR 22014 withinthe service-provider server 22002. Any modifications of the local EMR22036 (e.g., updating a patient's files) may cause an update of thepatient's files (e.g., via the internet) on the EMR 22014.

The local DERS 22044 may be a DERS system used within the medicalfacility. The local DERS 22044 may include various fields, such as adrug name, a drug short name, a brand name, a concentration, a hardupper limit dosage, a soft upper limit dosage, a hard lower limitdosage, and a soft lower limit dosage. In some embodiments, additionalfields may be used, such as the location of treatment (e.g., a NICU oroutpatient area).

The local DERS 22044 may be created, modified, and/or made by the DERSEditor 22046. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the localDERS editor 22046 is hosted by the service-provider server 22002. Thatis, in some specific embodiments, the local DERS editor 22046 may bepart of the DERS editor 22012 of the service-provider server 22002, maybe hosted by the service-provider server 22002, and/or they may be thesame component. The global DERS editor 22012 can edit the global DERS22024 and/or may be used to create Drug Administration Library (“DAL”)files for use by the CQI database 22008.

The DERS editor 22012 and/or the DERS editor 22046 may be implemented assoftware running on a personal computer. The software may include aninterface into a drug error reduction system 22024 and/or 22044, and/oran interface into the continuous quality interface system 22008.

The DERS editor 22012 and/or the DERS editor 22046 may includes a pumpsimulator that simulates the user interface and buttons for a medicaldevice, e.g., the infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052. For example, achange that would affect the pump's operation can be reviewed using asimulated pump interface prior to updating a DERS database 22024 or22044.

For example, the local DERS 22044 may download one or more fields from aglobal DERS 22024, e.g., to have some uniformity across multiplefacilities 22004; the drug name, for example, may be downloaded intomultiple local DERS 22044 of multiple facilities 22004 such that eachlocal DERS 22044 shares a common standard drug name. However, in thisspecific embodiment, other fields (e.g., the short name) may be specificto the medical facility 22004. The DERS editor 22046 may then be used tocreate a custom local DERS 22044 by expanding upon the provided fieldsfrom the global DERS 22024.

In yet another specific embodiment of the present disclosure, the drugname, the brand name, the concentration, and/or the units may bestandardized within the global DERS 22024, which may be downloaded fromthe global DERS 22024, from a drug-list database, or a drug library intothe local DERS 22044. In this specific embodiment, a field name “shortname” could be added and may be unique to the particular medicalfacility 22004.

The DERS editor 22046 may provide guidance when making and/or editingthe local DERS 22044. For example, when a soft upper limit of DopamineHydrochloride is being set, the computer screen that runs the local DERSeditor 22046 software may display the message: “ . . . 80 percent ofinstitutions that use Dopamine Hydrochloride at 40 Mg/ml use a softupper limit of . . . ” with a suggested upper limit. That is, the globalDERS 22024 may aggregate data from all of the local DERS 22044 ofseveral medical facilities 22004 and may interface with each of the DERSeditors 22046 used by a local medical facility 22004 to provide guidanceto the user making the local DERS 22044 regarding what other medicalfacilities 22004 are setting their settings; such as arrangement helpsto converge the various deviations in the multitude of local DERS 22044found in various medical facilities 22004.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, the DERS editor22046 requires a predetermined set of possible names be used whencreating the local DERS 22044. For example, the data area of thefacility may be entered as “ER,” “Emergency Room,” or “Critical Care.”An attempt to enter any of these will require the user to select thestandardized version, e.g., the user will be required to select aspecific one, such as “ER.”

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, the DERS editor22046 requires a predetermined set of possible names be used to indicatea freeform field “type” when creating the local DERS 22044. For example,the data area of the facility may be entered as “ER,” “Emergency Room,”“Critical Care,” or with any other custom name. Any of these may beentered into the field indicating the area of the facility, but an areatype must be selected from a list of predetermined area types e.g., theuser will be required to select “ER” in the freeform field correspondsto a type of area referred to as “Emergency Room.” This selection may beforced within the freeform field itself or the selection may be forcedto be made by the user in another field, e.g., a standardized type ofarea field. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the carearea selected may request or force the user of the DERS editors 22012and/or 22046 to enter in more fields, in some embodiments. Also, in someembodiments, the drug selected (or other field selected, such as thecare area) may request or force the user to enter in the end of infusionhandling by an infusion pump or relay handling.

This information may be stored in the Global DERS 22024. That is, theglobal DERS 22024 may collect data from all of the local DERS 22044 ofseveral medical facilities 22004 and may interface with the DERS editor22046 to provide suggestions to the user making the local DERS 22044regarding what other medical facilities 22004 are setting their settingsto. For example, the suggested values given to the user using the DERSEditor 22046 may include more detailed information relating to the areatype, such as “ . . . 95 percent of institutions that use DopamineHydrochloride at 40 Mg/ml in a Medical/Surgical use a soft upper limitof . . . ” This specific message may pop up when attempting to enterinto the DERS editor 22046 a soft upper limit of Dopamine Hydrochlorideat 40 Mg/ml in a Medical/Surgical area using the DER editor 22046.

In some embodiments, the data from the CQI database 22008 is availablefor use when using the DERS editors 22012 and/or 22046. For example,when a value, such as a soft limit is entered into a field for a drugusing the DERS editors 22012 and/or 22046, the DERS editors 22012 and/or22046 may communicate with the CQI database 22008 to determine how oftenthat soft limit is overridden. For example, is a value of “1 liter/hour”is entered into the DERS editors 22012 and/or 22046, the DERS editors22012 and/or 22046 may state “According to the CQI data, the value of 1liter/hour for this drug is overridden 98% of the time.”

This may provide the user an opportunity to search through the CQI dataof the CQI database 22008 to determine why/if and under what conditionsthese overrides occur. Wildcards may be used to search through the data,e.g., regular expressions. Other CQI data may be viewed for specificdrugs while using the DERS editors 22012 and/or 22046, such as airoverrides, etc. History data of the CQI data within the CQI database22008 may be used while using the DERS editors 22012 and/or 22046. Auser may switch back and forth between CQI data within the CQI database22008 and the DERS data (e.g., within 22024 or 22044) using a DERSeditor 22012 and/or 22046.

In some embodiments, certain drugs within a DERS editors 22012 and/or22046 may be flagged as a high risk that may be indicated to a medicaldevice (e.g., an infusion pump 22048, 22050, or 22052) that it shouldcontinue to pump the drug into the patient even in failures modes. Thatis, the drug may be marked this way because stopping infusion of thedrug, for example, may be more dangerous to the patient than pumping toomuch or too little of the drug into the patient; The pump (e.g., theinfusion pump 22048, 22050, or 22052) may, for example, continue torotate its motor at a fixed speed in this case. When a drug is marked asa “high risk to stop application” drug, the DERS editors 22012 and/or22046 may require the user to enter in more fields.

The DERS editors 22012 and/or 22046 may allow for workflow, digitalsignatures, comments to be entered, and may have various levels ofauthorized access.

The infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 may be operated within thefacility. The infusion pump infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 may beused to treat patients. The infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 maytransmit CQI Events (e.g., for drug safety process improvement),hospital events (for infusion documentation and billing), and biomedevents (to monitor the pump fleet, troubleshoot, and service the pumps)which may be stored in a database within the medical facility or withinthe service-provider server 22002 (e.g., the CQI database 22008).Buffers within the infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 may store thisdata, e.g., if there is no data connection available and/or forsubsequent electronic transmission. The events may overwritten when thebuffer is fully “filled,” e.g., according to FIFO, by priority, or aftera full buffer flush.

The infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 may include a scanner (e.g., abarcode scanner, an RFID scanner, etc.) that can identify a patient(e.g., via a wristband) and a medication. The infusion pumps 22048,22050, 22052 can interface into the patient's EMR (to check allergiesand download other information). The infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052may also interface into the eMAR 22034 to update medicationadministration as well.

When the patient and the drug are identified, the infusion pumps 22048,22050, 22052 may interface into the local DERS 22044 (which may beremotely hosted) and/or the global DERS 22024. The infusion pumps 22048,22050, 22052 check the preprogrammed drug infusion settings and/or thepractitioner enters settings to determine if the treatment regimes iswithin limits defined by the Local DERS 22044 and/or the global DERS22024.

The infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 may transmit informationregarding their operation to the servicer-provider server 22002utilizing a “Continuous Quality Improvement,” reporting service.

The information reported by the infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 mayinclude: an infusion pump ID, an infusion ID, a sequence number ofinfusions for a particular infusion pump, a patient ID, a clinician ID,a target dose level, an actual dose level, a medication administered, astart time, a stop time, whether or not DERS was used, whether or not asoft limit of DERS was exceeded when a drug parameter was entered by acaregiver, whether or not a hard limit of DERS was exceeded when a drugparameter was entered by a caregiver, whether or not the infusion was aDERS infusion or a basic infusion, an infusion compliance, whether aninfusion-abort-before-run occurs, whether an infusion-abort-after-runoccurs, whether an infusion incompletes occurs, whether an infusioncompletes occurs, a certification level, a shift, and/or an area ofadministration.

The infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 may report various types of CQIinformation including patient information, the infusion history, theclinician information, alarm information, alert information, the pumpinformation, the pump history information, and/or the care area type.Each of these types may form a CQI statement and/or multiple ones ofthese types may form a CQI statement.

The patient information type may include the patient ID, the cliniciankey, the care unit, a clinician reference, and an infusion historyreference. The infusion history information type may include theinfusion ID, the patient key, the clinician key, the target dose level,the actual dose level, the medication, the start time, the end time,DERS use, DERS compliance, over infusion, under infusion, a pump key, analarm reference, and an alert reference. The clinician information typemay include a clinician ID, a patient key, a primary care unit, a shift,an associated patient's reference, and an infusion history reference.The alarm information type may include the infusion ID, the alarm type,and the time stamp. The alert information type may include the infusionID, an alert type, and a time stamp. The pump information type mayinclude a pump ID, a serial number, a current location, a vendor, aninfusion history reference, and a pump history reference. The pumphistory information may include a pump key, a serviced date, a lastlocation, and a service type. The care area type may include a care areaID, a clinician key, a care area name, an admin name, a physicallocation, and a clinician reference. The CQI statements (as stored inthe CQI database 22008, in the CQI buffering database 22038, orelsewhere) may be used to determine any interrelationships betweenseveral CQI statements, and/or the global DERS 22024 or the local DERSdatabase 22044.

In some embodiments, the “infusion intent” is already located withineither the local DERS 22044 and/or in the global DERS 22024; therefore,in some embodiments, the infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 do nottransmit the infusion intent of the therapy with the CQI statements.

The CQI statements are transmitted to the gateway 22042 (e.g., via wiredor wireless data transmission, such as WiFi) and to the CQI listener22040. The infusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 subscribe to the gateway22042 such that the gateway 22042 receives events from all of theinfusion pumps 22048, 22050, 22052 along with the infusion pumps' 22048,22050, 22052 IDs.

The CQI listener 22040 may communicate with the CQI receiver and/or theservice-provider 22002 to either transmit the CQI message or to bufferthe CQI message within the CQI buffering database 22038. The CQIbuffering database 22038 may store the CQI messages and transmit them inblocks of data and/or may schedule to transmit them when theservice-provider server 22002 (or the CQI database 22008) communicatesthat the server load of the server 22002 is below a predeterminedthreshold.

The firewall 22020 receives the CQI messages and sends them to the CQIreceiver 22018. The CQI receiver 22018 either transmits the CQI messagesto the CQI database 22008 or to the CQI buffering database 22016. Forexample, the CQI database 22008 may have a high load (e.g., many writesto the database) that is above a predetermined threshold. When the CQIreceiver 22018 determines that the load of the CQI database 22008 isabove a predetermined threshold, the CQI receiver 22018 diverts the CQImessages to the CQI buffering database 22016. The CQI buffering database22016 may be implemented by storing the raw CQI messages in RAM and/oron a hard drive. When the load of the CQI database 22008 drop below thepredetermined threshold, the CQI buffering database 22016 maycommunicate the buffered CQI messages to the CQI database 22008 forentry into the database (e.g., a SQL database, for example). The CQIdatabase 22008 may be a transactional database and may receive data fromthe CQI buffering database 22038 every 30 minutes, for example. Thereplicated CQI database 22010 stores redundant CQI message entries;however, the replicated CQI database 22010 may be delayed and/or is onlyupdated periodically. The replication relationship may be a Master-Slavereplication relationship. The CQI Buffering database 22038 in themedical facility 22004, the CQI buffering database 22016 in theservice-provider server 22002, the CQI database 22008, and/or thereplicated CQI database 22010 may provide for non-blocking data reads(e.g., “dirty” reads).

The system 22000 also includes a report requester/generator 22022located within the service-provider server 22002 and a reportrequester/generator 22028 located within the medical facility 22004. Insome embodiments, there is only one report requester/generator (22022 or22028). The report requester/generator 22022 or 22028 is used to eithergenerate a report using CQI messages and/or to instruct the infusionpump 22048, 22050, 22052 what kind of information to collect. The reportmay aggregate and/or categorize the CQI messages.

The report generated by the report requester/generator 22028 may usedata from the CQI buffering database 22038, information from the CQIdatabase 22008, and/or the replicated CQI database 22010. The reportgenerated by the report requester/generator 22022 may use data from theCQI buffering database 22038, information from the CQI database 22008,and/or the replicated CQI database 22010 (preferably). The report may beexportable using CSV, HTML, XSL, PDFs, etc. The data may be filtered byan “infusion pump of interest,” by clinician, day, serial number, carearea, drug pump, any other data, or some combination thereof.

The reports may be used to determine DERS compliance, hard limitattempted reports (e.g., bolus hard limit attempted and/or a loadingdose hard limit was attempted), limit exceeded reports (e.g., soft limitexceeded, bolus soft limit exceeded, loading dose soft limit exceeded),a rate advisory (tritation), an initial secondary check flow, a pumpreport, (utilization or history) check flow safety report (secondaryinfusion setup properly), and/or software updates (e.g., CQI, pump,gateway, DERS editor updates etc.).

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the CQI messages arede-identified so that no particular patient may be identified. In yetsome additional embodiments, the particular infusion pump may not beidentified and/or the infusion pump programming attempt may not beidentified.

In yet additional embodiments of the present disclosure, orders forspecific reports may be requested by a representative of the medicalfacility 22004 (e.g., via a web interface or via a software locatedwithin the medical facility 22004) to the service provider server 22002.The report may be generated using the report requester/generator 22022.In some embodiments, the report may merge billing data, pumpinformation, CQI messages, EMR data, CPOE data, PIS data, eMAR, and/orsome combination thereof together. For example, in some embodiments ofthe present disclosure, the diagnostic codes may be paired with theprescriptions as stored by the servers of the medical facility 22004and/or by the service-provider server 22002. In yet another exemplaryembodiment, the service-provider server 22002 can determine if aparticular hospital uses the same prescription frequently, theservice-provider server 22002 (e.g., using the CQI database 22008) maysuggest or require a pharmacy (via the PIS 22032) to compound theprescription in bulk and/or fill IV bags in bulk. In some embodiments ofthe present disclosure the pharmacy and/or the PIS 22032 is separatefrom the medical facility 22004 (e.g., is associated with and/or is partof the service-provider server 22002).

FIG. 167 shows a block diagram of a system 23000 for electronic patientcare in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thesystem 23002 includes a device gateway manager application 23002, anexternal hospital systems 23018, several tools 23012, 23014, 23016, adevice gateway server 23020, a biomed PC tool 23028, and several pumps23022, 23024, 23026. The various portions of the system 23000 maycommunicate via a wired and/or a wireless connection.

Several of the pumps 23022, 23024, 23026 may be interface into a biomedPC tool 23028, which may be software running on a laptop. The interfacemay be via a wired or wireless connection, such as through WiFi,Bluetooth, USB, or other technology.

The biomed PC tool 23028 can upload pump software 2032 to one or more ofthe pumps 23022, 23024, 23026 and/or update the pumps with a drugadministration library 23020. The biomed PC tool 23028 may be used todownload a medication order into one or more of the pumps 23022, 23024,23026. The biomed PC tool 23028 may be in communication with the devicegateway manager application 23002 and/or the hospital system 23018 todownload data into one or more of the infusion pumps 23022, 23024,23026, such when one of the infusion pumps 23022, 23024, 23026 is not inactive communication with the device gateway server 23020. The biomed PCtool 23028 may alternatively be software capable of being executed on atablet device, a smart phone, or a handheld device.

The pump 23022, 23024, 23026 may subscribe to a device gateway server23020. For example, through a subscription API, the device gatewaymanager application 23002 may communicate with the pumps 23022, 23024,23026. The pumps 23022, 23024, 23026 may subscribe to a device gatewayserver 23020 via web services. The software on the device gateway server23020 may act as a message router, a service registry, and a pumpauthorization registry. The device gateway server 23020 may, in somespecific embodiments, (1) provide component registry and licensemanagement, (2) be an installation repository for receiving, maintainingand tracking new versions of installable components such as devicefirmware/software, drug administration libraries, enterprise applicationsoftware, and/or infrastructure software such as OS, application serversDBMS, etc., and (3) perform message routing to distribute messages bothamong medical devices and to external subsystems.

The device gateway manager application 23002 includes a database 23004that houses a local database cache and a system data model. The localdatabase cache includes EMR records for transfer to a hospital system23018 and/or to one or more of the pumps 23022, 23024, 23026, patientlists (e.g., patients in the hospital), a nurse list (e.g., nurses inthe hospital), detailed log information, and/or a list of registeredhardware. The system data model may include hardware inventory, therapy,a patient association, and/or conversion of EMR messages.

The device gateway manager application 23002 also includes a drugadministration library 23006, CQI logs 23010, and pump 23008. The CQIlogs 23010 may be the CQI messages from the pumps 23022, 23024, 23026.The drug administration library 23006 may be downloaded into the pumps23022, 23024, 23026. The pump software 23008 may be used to update thesoftware of the pumps 23022, 23024, 23026.

The device gateway manager application 23002 can interface with varioustools includes a DERS editor tool 23012 (to edit the drug administrationlibrary 23006), a CQI reporting tool 23014 (to generate reports usingthe CQI logs 23010), and a biomed server tool 23016 (to ensure the pumpsoftware 23008 is up-to-date and/or to download the latest software tothe biomed PC tool 23028 to update the pumps 23022, 23024, 23026).

The device gateway manager application 23002 also provides an interfaceto allow the pumps 23022, 23024, 23026 (or other medical devices) tocommunicate with various hospital systems, including a CPOE 23034, a HIS23036, a EMR 23038, a CQI Report 23040, and a drug reference 23042(e.g., DERS).

Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilledin the art without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, thepresent disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives,modifications and variances. Additionally, while several embodiments ofthe present disclosure have been shown in the drawings and/or discussedherein, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as itis intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art willallow and that the specification be read likewise. Therefore, the abovedescription should not be construed as limiting, but merely asexemplifications of particular embodiments. And, those skilled in theart will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of theclaims appended hereto. Other elements, steps, methods and techniquesthat are insubstantially different from those described above and/or inthe appended claims are also intended to be within the scope of thedisclosure.

The embodiments shown in drawings are presented only to demonstratecertain examples of the disclosure. And, the drawings described are onlyillustrative and are non-limiting. In the drawings, for illustrativepurposes, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and notdrawn to a particular scale. Additionally, elements shown within thedrawings that have the same numbers may be identical elements or may besimilar elements, depending on the context.

Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description andclaims, it does not exclude other elements or steps. Where an indefiniteor definite article is used when referring to a singular noun, e.g. “a,”“an,” or “the,” this includes a plural of that noun unless somethingotherwise is specifically stated. Hence, the term “comprising” shouldnot be interpreted as being restricted to the items listed thereafter;it does not exclude other elements or steps, and so the scope of theexpression “a device comprising items A and B” should not be limited todevices consisting only of components A and B. This expression signifiesthat, with respect to the present disclosure, the only relevantcomponents of the device are A and B.

Furthermore, the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and the like, whetherused in the description or in the claims, are provided fordistinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily fordescribing a sequential or chronological order. It is to be understoodthat the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriatecircumstances (unless clearly disclosed otherwise) and that theembodiments of the disclosure described herein are capable of operationin other sequences and/or arrangements than are described or illustratedherein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for electronic patient care, the systemcomprising: a gateway configured to provide at least a web service; atleast one sensor having a patient parameter measuring component and amemory; a medical device configured to wirelessly power the at least onesensor, communicate a sensor request to the at least one sensor, andreceive a sensor data signal from the at least one sensor, the medicaldevice further configured to operatively communicate a sensor readingbased on the sensor data signal to the gateway using the web service bycommunicating with the gateway through the web service, wherein the atleast one sensor is separate from the medical device; an RFID tagcontaining memory embedded with a wristband, wherein the medical deviceis configured to communicate with the RFID tag to store the sensorreading within the RFID tag within a patient data store, wherein thewristband includes a wearable dock and a base member, wherein the basemember is configured to snap-fit into a wearable dock, and a split-ringresonator affixed to the wristband, the split-ring resonator having aresonant frequency above an operating frequency of the RFID tag, thesplit-ring resonator positioned adjacent to a patient, the split-ringresonator configured to utilize dielectric loading from a capacitance ofthe patient to change the resonant frequency to be above the operatingfrequency of the RFID tag.
 2. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe web service is a transaction-based web service.
 3. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the medical device is an infusion pump. 4.The system according to claim 1, wherein the gateway stores a medicaldevice authorization registry.
 5. The system according to claim 1,wherein the gateway is an area wide server.
 6. The system according toclaim 1, wherein the gateway is configured to buffer patient data andcommunicate it to a second server which is in communication withmultiple gateways.
 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the atleast one sensor includes a sensor chosen from the list consisting of anaccelerometer, a patient position sensor, a strain gauge, a temperaturesensor, a MEMs sensor, a chemical sensor, an analyte concentrationsensor, a pressure sensor, a breathing rate sensor, a ECG sensor, ablood pressure monitor, a pulse oximeter, a skin conductivity sensor, aheart rate sensor, costal expansion meter, pressure transducer,electromyography, electroencephalograph, pH meter, spirometer, and a gassensor.
 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ofthe at least one sensor is a surface adhesion sensor.
 9. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least one sensor isconfigured to measure a patient parameter via the patient parametermeasuring component in a first mode in which sensor data is collected ina first manner and in a second mode in which the sensor data iscollected in a different manner.
 10. The system according to claim 9,wherein the first mode is a high power mode and the second mode is a lowpower mode.
 11. The system according to claim 9, wherein the first modeis a near field mode and the second mode is a far field mode.
 12. Thesystem according to claim 1, wherein the medical device is configured toset a bit in the memory via a wireless power signal emitted by themedical device, wherein the at least one sensor is configured to respondto the setting of the bit.
 13. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe at least one sensor is configured to write a patient parameter datameasurement measured by the patient parameter measuring component to thememory and set a bit in the memory, and the medical device is configuredto continuously poll the bit and receive the sensor data signal byreading the memory upon determination by the medical device that the bithas been set.
 14. The system according to claim 1, wherein the medicaldevice is configured to intermittently wirelessly power the at least onesensor, write the sensor request to the memory over a plurality ofwireless powering periods, and set a bit in the memory.
 15. A method ofcommunication between electronic patient care components comprising:establishing communications between a medical device and a gateway;establishing a web service between the medical device and the gateway;establishing the medical device as a web client of the web service ofthe gateway; wirelessly powering at least one sensor, communicating asensor request to the at least one sensor from the medical device andreceiving, with the medical device, a sensor data signal from the atleast one sensor, the sensor data signal conveying a patient parametermeasurement measured by a patient parameter measuring component of theat least one sensor, wherein the at least one sensor is separate fromthe medical device; communicating between the medical device and thegateway using the web service by communicating with the gateway throughthe web service, the communicating between the medical device and thegateway including sending a sensor reading from the medical device basedon the sensor data signal; and communicating between the medical deviceand an RFID tag containing memory embedded with a wristband including asplit-ring resonator affixed to the wristband, the split-ring resonatorhaving a resonant frequency above an operating frequency of the RFIDtag, the split-ring resonator positioned adjacent to a patient, thesplit-ring resonator configured to utilize dielectric loading from acapacitance of the patient to change the resonant frequency to be abovethe operating frequency of the RFID tag, wherein the wristband includesa wearable dock and a base member, wherein the base member is configuredto snap-fit into a wearable dock.
 16. The method according to claim 15,wherein the gateway routes the sensor data signal for the medicaldevice, wherein the sensor data signal is communicated between themedical device and the gateway using the web service.